Biography of Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban Revolutionary

Camilo Cienfuegos (February 6, 1932–October 28, 1969) was a leading figure of the Cuban Revolution, along with Fidel Castro and Chà © Guevara. He defeated Batista forces at the Battle of Yaguajay in December 1958, and after the triumph of the Revolution in early 1959 he took on a position of authority in the Army. Cienfuegos is considered one of the greatest heroes of the Revolution and every year Cuba celebrates the anniversary of his death. Fast Facts: Camilo Cienfuegos Known For: Cienfuegos was a key guerilla leader in the Cuban Revolution.Also Known As: Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarà ¡nBorn: February 6, 1932 in Havana, CubaDied: October 28, 1959 (Presumed dead after his plane disappeared over the Straits of Florida)Education: Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes San AlejandroNotable Quote: Vas bien, Fidel  (Youre doing fine, Fidel)  (Uttered during a revolutionary rally in 1959 after Fidel Castro asked Cienfuegos how his speech was going) Early Life Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarà ¡n was born in Havana, Cuba, on February 6, 1932. As a young man, he was artistically inclined; he even attended art school but was forced to drop out when he could no longer afford it. Cienfuegos went to the United States for a time in the early 1950s in search of work but returned disillusioned. As a teenager, he became involved in protests of government policies, and as the situation in Cuba worsened, he became more and more involved in the struggle against president Fulgencio Batista. In 1955, he was shot in the leg by Batistas soldiers. According to Cienfuegos, that was the moment at which he decided he would strive to free Cuba from the Batista dictatorship. Revolution Cienfuegos moved to Mexico, where he met up with Fidel Castro, who was putting together an expedition to head back to Cuba and start a revolution. Camilo eagerly joined up and was one of 82 rebels packed into the 12-passenger yacht Granma, which left Mexico on November 25, 1956, and arrived in Cuba a week later. The Cuban Army discovered the rebels and killed most of them, but a small group of survivors was able to hide and later regroup. The 19 rebels spent several weeks in the Sierra Maestra mountains. Comandante Camilo As one of the survivors of the Granma group, Cienfuegos had a certain prestige with Fidel Castro that the others who joined the revolution later did not. By the middle of 1957, he had been promoted to comandante and had his own command. In 1958, the tide began to turn in favor of the rebels, and Cienfuegos was ordered to lead one of three columns to attack the city of Santa Clara (another was commanded by Chà © Guevara). One squad was ambushed and wiped out, but Guevara and Cienfuegos ultimately converged on Santa Clara. The Battle of Yaguajay Cienfuegoss force, joined by local farmers and peasants, reached the small army garrison at Yaguajay in December 1958 and besieged it. There were about 250 soldiers inside under the command of Cuban-Chinese captain Abon Ly. Cienfuegos attacked the garrison but was repeatedly driven back. He even tried putting together a makeshift tank out of a tractor and some iron plates, but the plan was not successful. Eventually, the garrison ran out of food and ammunition and surrendered on December 30. The next day, the revolutionaries captured Santa Clara. (Today, a museum in Cienfuegos honor—the Museo Nacional Camilo Cienfuegos—stands in Yaguajay.) After the Revolution The loss of Santa Clara and other cities convinced Batista to flee the country, bringing the revolution to a close. The handsome, affable Cienfuegos was very popular, and upon the success of the revolution was probably the third most powerful man in Cuba, after Fidel and Raà ºl Castro. He was promoted to head of the Cuban armed forces in early 1959. In this capacity, he assisted the new Castro regime as it made changes to the Cuban government. Arrest of Matos and Disappearance In October 1959, Fidel Castro began to suspect that Huber Matos, another one of the original revolutionaries, was plotting against him. He sent Cienfuegos to arrest Matos, as the two were good friends. According to later interviews with Matos, Cienfuegos was reluctant to carry out the arrest, but followed his orders and did so. Matos was sentenced and served 20 years in prison. On the night of October 28, Cienfuegos flew back from Camaguey to Havana after completing the arrest. His plane disappeared and no trace of Cienfuegos or the airplane was ever found. After a few frantic days of searching, the hunt was called off. Death Cienfuegos’s disappearance and presumed death have caused many to wonder if Fidel or Raà ºl Castro had him killed. There is some compelling evidence on both sides, and historians have not yet reached a conclusion. Given the circumstances of the case, it is possible that the truth will never be known. The case against: Cienfuegos was very loyal to Fidel, even arresting his good friend Huber Matos when the evidence against him was weak. He had never given the Castro brothers any cause to doubt his loyalty or competence. He had risked his life many times for the Revolution. Chà © Guevara, who was so close to Cienfuegos that he named his son after him, denied that the Castro brothers had anything to do with Cienfuegoss death. The case for: Cienfuegos was the only revolutionary figure whose popularity rivaled Fidel’s, and as such was one of a very few people who could go against him if he wished. Cienfuegos’s dedication to communism was suspect—for him, the Revolution was about removing Batista. Also, he had recently been replaced as head of the Cuban Army by Raà ºl Castro, a sign that perhaps they were planning to move on him. Legacy It will probably never be known for sure what happened to Cienfuegos. Today, the fighter is considered one of the great heroes of the Cuban Revolution. He has his own monument at the site of the Yaguajay battlefield, and every year on October 28 Cuban schoolchildren throw flowers into the ocean for him. Cienfuegos also appears on Cuban currency. Sources Brown, Jonathan C. Cubas Revolutionary World. Harvard University Press, 2017.Kapcia, Antoni. Leadership in the Cuban Revolution: the Unseen Story. Fernwood Publishing, 2014.Sweig, Julia. Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground. Harvard University Press, 2004.

The Challenge of Diversity Essay - 2173 Words

When America was founded, it was established on freedom and equality for all people, at first religious freedom, but eventually freedom of speech, press, petition, and more. In time, America began to be known as a â€Å"melting pot† of cultures as more and more people came because they wanted this freedom; the more people who came though, the more problems America had. There were too many cultural discrepancies between people, and ultimately America, the country based on freedom and equality, faced challenges concerning diversity. So, why do we need diversity? As America grows, the differences in cultures among individuals become colossal. People are becoming closed-minded about others who are disparate from themselves, which creates†¦show more content†¦Wouldn’t you want to know where that child’s family is coming from? We need talk to those around us who are from dissimilar cultures and ethnicities. 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A Synopsis of the Movie, Ip Man 2 Legend of the Grandmaster Free Essays

Period 4 – Films Literature 8/19/20 The movie that I find the best would be Ip Man 2 Legend of the Grandmaster directed by Wilson Yip. Ip Man 2 Legend of the Grandmaster is an action packed martial arts film, this movie being a semi-biographical cinema is based on a real person in history which makes the move even more interesting and exciting. Ip Man 2 Legend of the Grandmaster not only has an action packed side but also has a heartfelt side by putting in Yip Man’s tough life after world war two. We will write a custom essay sample on A Synopsis of the Movie, Ip Man 2: Legend of the Grandmaster or any similar topic only for you Order Now This movie also has spectacular fghting scenes choreographed by Sammo Hung a renowned in the martial arts department. Y Ip Man 2 Legend of the Grandmaster demonstrates what every martial arts movie needs, action! Yip Man is a martial arts teacher which basically says that his skills surpass all. A fight scene that stood out for me was a fight that was set in a fish market. Yip went to the fish market to save a pupil of his and the rescue turned into an all-out brawl, a huge one! The brawl was on a scaled of about two to sixty and Yip showing his skills defended himself throughout the entire fght unscathed! The fight scenes show the passion and dedication that Yip had for Wing Chun. Although this being a martial arts movie you wouldn’t expect much of a storyline rather than Just a brawl fest to brawl fest, but that is what separates this movie form the rest. In the first movie Yip Man was a rich man but that change after the Japanese invaded China in world war two. Now in the sequel Yip Man tries to start a martial arts class but things do not turn out right, people didn’t pay when he asked and he was unaware of a rule put down by the city. So Yip Man is yet to face another tribulation and he conquers it. Also his wife is a bigger part in this movie making her role bigger by showing the relationship her and Yip have and what a big impact she has on him. This movie also shows the tribulations that the Chinese race had to deal with. The British were put as the antagonist; they abused the Chinese and used them as dogs. This harass they receive requires the Chinese to band together and get their honor back in a brawl. This fght is very honorable and inspiring because it shows that you can overcome anything together. Ip Man 2 Legend of the Grandmaster is a movie that I will always love and a movie that I will watch over and over again and I will not tire of it. It has beautiful fghting scenes and story line is very touching. This movie is my favorite movie. How to cite A Synopsis of the Movie, Ip Man 2: Legend of the Grandmaster, Papers

Listening Language Acquisition Challenges -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Listening Language Acquisition Challenges? Answer: Introduction Tallkaholic scale is known as the measure compulsive communication. This diagnostic tool helps to identify my skills of compulsive communication. By utilizing this particular tool, I found some of the areas of compulsive communication, which should be avoided or controlled, for my own benefits. I strongly agree with the fact that I tend to remain quiet when I really need to speak. Specifically, when I am in a meeting or in a group and we are in the discussion of a topic, where everyone is giving his or her opinions and then when my time comes, I remain quite. In addition, there are certainly some situations; I talk a lot than usual. Such tendency sometimes affects my verbal communication. We develop verbal communication to keep each other informed so that we could disseminate the relevant and significant information. Moreover, the verbal communication is required to resolve a problem. However, in some of the areas of compulsive communication, I found myself losing control over the co nversation. According to Talkaholic Scale I scored 32, which indicates that I am not fully competent to control my tendency of talking at most of the time. I agree with the fact that I am hardly find myself quiet even for my own advantages. Nonetheless, it is a rare incident that I speak more than I should. Thereby, I do not have any particular opinion on this element of compulsive communication. Diagnostic tool Findings of Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA) This diagnostic tool is helpful when I identify areas of communication apprehension in the intercultural context. I derived 65 in this particular diagnostic tool, which indicates a high intercultural ability. I agree that in general I am much comfortable in interacting with a group of people belonging to different cultural backgrounds. I also disagree with the fact that I do not get tense and nervous during the interaction of people from different culture. I agree with the fact that I preferably get involved in a group discussion with others who belong to different cultural backgrounds. On the other side, I also disagree with the fact that involving in-group discussion with the people from different cultural background makes me nervous. I understand that while communicating with the people of different culture, it is necessary for every individual to remain calm and relaxed and this behavior or actions could make others who are involved in the communication, uncomfortable. I strongly defend my characteristic that during the conversation with an individual from a different culture, I do not fear. It is certain to feel nervous while communication with a group of people of other culture but I understand the fact if I get nervous or tense I would not be able to present my views. In order to improve communication or to get rid of the weaknesses in communication, I should not fear or grow the anxiety of speaking. Moreover, during the conversation with the people of other culture, I believe that the individual should pay attention to other person speaking, as this helps to brush up listening skills. Diagnostic tool- The findings of Non-verbal Immediacy Scale Self-Report (NIS-S) In the non-verbal immediacy Scale- Self Report I scored 90. This diagnostic tool is directly related to areas of my non-verbal communication. I agree with the statement that I often use my hands and arms to gesture during the interaction with other people. However, I do not grow any tendency of touching others shoulders while taking to people. Nonetheless, I agree with the fact that using arms and putting hands on the shoulders of others could be effective when I am talking to my friends or the person I know very well. I understand that the use of monotonous tone during the conversation could affect the theme or the subject of the conversation. I do not move when someone touches during the conversation. It is a fact that while communicating with an unknown individual, both the parties might not prefer to touch each other. Touching or putting arms on shoulder only happens when both individuals known each other or they have a friendly or comfortable zone. I tend to maintain a relaxed b ody position when I talk to people. Likewise, I also believe that if I frown while communicating with others, it could make other individual uncomfortable. Diagnostic tool- Findings of Tolerance for Disagreement Scale (TFD) It is identified that the tolerance for disagreement scale is developed to measure the range to which a person could tolerate other people by disagreeing with what other person says or believes to be true. The diagnostic tool based on the statements provided indicates that I have a high TFD score. I preferably involve in a conversation where others have contradictory views. Generally, I like to talk to people with different points view as it helps me to learn new things and rectify my own judgment. However, I do not agree with the fact that disagreement could be helpful always. Disagreement is not always effective in a conversation but when the situation occurs, I do not prefer to change the topic of the discussion. Disagreement in a conversation indicates negativity or problem; thereby, continuing the conversation could provide the solution of the disagreement. Moreover, I also have the tendency to enjoy arguing with people about the elements on which there is a state of disagreemen t. However, I also found that sometimes disagreement leads to intense argument, which further affects the conversation. People become assertive or they tend to show assertive characteristics such as aggression. Nonetheless, I do not nourish any such assertive characteristic. Diagnostic tool- Findings of Willingness to listen diagnostic It is universally known that listening is one of the significant skills, which potential leaders imply as being critical to effective communication. Listening can be improved by several ways such as attending the classes, attending in the lecture session, etc. I scored 70 in listening skills. I usually do not dislike the individuals who are boring speakers. Hence, I believe that not all individuals in a group can be active speakers. Listening a boring speaker helps to realize how I can improve those areas or aspects I found in a boring speakers. In general, I may not like attending a conversation or lecture event where is a noise or chaos but I insist on listening to such speakers so that I could deal with my nature of being monotonous in the middle of a conversation. However, I find it difficult to listen to speakers even if others things linger in my mind. Nonetheless, I cannot deal with non-responsive speakers I lose my patience in the middle of the conversation. Two communication issues identified requiring development One of the major issue I found is talkaholic nature. I speak a lot when it is not necessary. On the contrary, when I should speak or present my views, I remain silent. Moreover, during a conversation in a group where everyone is giving their feedbacks but my mind is occupied with other irrelevant things that are necessary in that time. This is a significant issue, as it could affect my communication skill when I will be involved in a professional interaction. Lack of willingness to listen Another significant issue I found from the above presented findings and analysis is my lack of willingness to listen. I have poor listening skills, as during a meeting or in lengthy conversation, I often lose my patience and I start feeling bore in the middle of the conversation. Such poor listening skills affects my professional career because several official meeting take place in my organization where, I am not able to understand the theme of the strategies due to poor listening skills. Thereby, I need to develop my listening skills so that my communication would be improved. Reflecting on two recent professional interactions and analyzing them with the key communication issues discussed above Based on the findings and analysis presented in the above, I found that I face significant issues particularly in compulsive communication. I am agreeing with the result embedded in the talkaholic diagnostic tool. I recall one incident that makes me realize that I am talkaholic and such characteristics bothers others. During my internship in a medium sized firm, I had a healthy professional relationship with my operational manager. My manager used to remain quiet, which means he does not speak much unless it is required. Whenever, he used to ask me about the progress of the work, I usually start a long conversation with him, which makes him irritated and he indicates that he is not interest to listen further. Another incident I recall, which is related to lack of willingness to listen. I was supposed to operate a promotional event about the launch of a service by my organization where I am doing an internship. My business heads gave me a brief about the event in an official meeting but the meeting took a lot of time and it was lengthy. Therefore, in the middle of the meeting I lost my patience and my mind remained busy with others things. Such poor intention of listening affected the entire event. I realized that I am not an active listener; an active listener would have grabbed each element of the conversation and conveyed to others in a positive manner. Moreover, in the meeting, there was a constant noise in the meeting room as there were some construction works in the building. Thus, due to the chaos and noise I withdrew my attention from the meeting. As I presented the findings above that noise breaks my concentration of listening. Literature Review- As put forward by Men (2014) there are some of people who are driven to talk more than usually an individual does. Experimental data in the study conducted by Penn Watermeyer (2012) indicates that variability in peoples talking behavior has often been the subject of several study studies particularly in the field of communication. Talkaholic nature is often considered as compulsive communication disorder. Talkaholic nature universal problem that affects peoples normal functioning in personal relation as well as social activities. Concept of Talkaholic- According to Samuels et al., (2014) an individual who does not have control over his/her talks is known as talkaholic and some people consider this nature as compulsive communication disorder. The individuals who are diagnosed with talkaholic characteristics often remain silent when they need to talk or sometimes, there could be some situations where such individual would talk a lot when it is not genuinely not required. A study conducted by Mataix?Cols et al., (2016), mentioned that a co-worker, well known for his talent and creativity was promoted to run a group of individuals in the workplace. The promoted supervisor acquired the gift of gab and talked persistently with the co-worker. The author mentioned that most of the time, the topic is not related to work. Consequently, supervisors talk affected organizational productivity and employees started complaining to senior management. Eventually, the individual had to face a demotion in the career. However, according to the existing papers on compulsive communication a significant difference exists between a person who talks much and an individual who is compulsive in their talk. As put forward by Phutela (2015), an individual who talks too much can go through the issue of quality talk, whereas an individual with compulsive disorder has a problem of quantity talk. However, no study has yet addressed the accuracy of their distinction. In this context, McCroskey et al., (2014) raised the question on whether these individuals are different or they are same as each other. Thereby, Mataix?Cols et al., (2016) provided an example that Person A prefers the conversation about politics and initiate a one-sided interaction with Person B. Individual B is uncomfortable in discussing the politics as well as holds different political view from individual A, who persistently discusses his stance on the current topic. Finally when the conversation ends, the person B remains fully in disagreement with the argument and he mentions to others that person A talks too much. Thus, in such a context, person A is not necessarily talkaholic. On the other hand, Person B is uses a quanti tative term to assess a perceived qualitative issue. Olatunji et al., (2013) also mentioned that one significant explanation for the above mentioned discrepancy is that if an individual does not like what someone says, a significant way of describing that particular response is refer to the person who speak too much. Thereby, speak too much remains as a negative quantitative term for a negative qualitative reaction. So, it might be difficult for an individual who spends a large amount of time talking to other individual regarding As positive qualities, although such behavior could be embarrassing to person A. In this context, McCroskey et al., (2014) commented that people who talk too much usually have a quality issue with their communication. Phutela (2015) also raised the issue whether the individual who speak too much are labeled in such way, as their style of communication and level of competency are lacking. Olatunji et al., (2013) in their experimental study mentioned that such individuals tend to ignore cues to stop talking and discuss topics that could be annoying as well as embarrassing. A study conducted by Koran and Simpson (2013), also indicates the fact that people who are by nature compulsive in communication often face a pure amount of quantity issue. Hence, the major concern that surrounds them is the amount of time they invest in talking during the interaction. Thus, as the purpose of the future study, Phutela (2015), believed that compulsive speakers have an issue of quantity, which could set them apart from other individuals or communicators. In another study on communication conducted by Rispoli et al., (2014) mentioned that some individuals with compulsive communication characteristics tend to believe that their compulsive behavior helped them to become flexible with others Compulsive Communication disorder treatment As put forward by Mataix?Cols et al., (2016), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) provides a significant talking treatment which focuses on addressing the connection between ones feelings, and behavior. It helps the individual to develop practical skills to deal with any negative patterns of behavior that could be causing the individual difficulties. It can be implemented with one to one pattern, or in a group. Thompson-Hollands et al., (2014) on their experimental study is strongly recommended for compulsive communication disorder. Exposure Response Prevention also helps to deal with obsession of compulsive talking and prevent the urges to implement compulsion. As put forward by Mller et al., (2014) CBT should be carefully managed to ignore anxiety and distress; thereby, it is significant that an individual understands treatment completely. Topic two- Lack of willingness to listen There are several reasons behind a poor listening skills but Aldera and Mohsen (2013) mentioned that a lack of motivation remains as significant challenge to listening. The supervisors who should be listening could be daydreaming or making individual plans. In this context, Renukadevi (2014) mentioned that motivation or incentive often remains as the prevalent issue in the listening technique. An experimental study conducted by Chang and Millett (2013), showed that individual score effectively on listening achievement tests when they learn in advanced that they are going to be examined compared to the fact when they just know are supposed to listen. On the other side, Oduolowu and Oluwakemi (2014) mentioned that scores on listening test increases when the incentive to listen increases. Findings provided in these papers indicate the fact that listening could be a hard work, people can expect great amount of effort when the goals is known and the listeners could observe a positive resu lt of the effort. According to Siegel (2013) lack of willingness could appear before listening even begins. For example, if a individual intentionally or unconsciously decides not to listen, the listening skills would be of no advantages. However, the question is why would a supervisor lacks willingness to listen? A study conducted by Aldera and Mohsen (2013) indicates most of the people rather prefer to talk instead of listening; in fact, when they ask a question , they could certainly interrupt the first sentence of the response. Likewise, the listener may stereotype the speaker as one who has very little to contribute as well as not worthy listening to. In addition, the listener could lack intention because that person might not want to receive negative information. As put forward by McCroskey et al., (2014), defensive behavior behavior sometimes works against listening. Hence, some supervisors might consider a small attack on their opinions as an attack on them personally As the result, they could support the defense. Here, this defense could involve the verbal attack that further, prevents the possibility for listening. Furthermore, the internal noise, such as employee chaos in the workplace could be a significant barrier to listening. On the other side, environmental noise in the external environment could compete with the major topic of interest, which also remains as the barrier. Limitation of the literature The above-mentioned literatures have mainly focused on how issues of communication appear in communication. The studies have provided a solid definition of the issues related to talkholic communication and willingness to listening. However, the papers did not provide any theoretical views or use of models to justify the facts. The studies have demonstrated how talkaholic characteristics of an individual affect others but it did not term the issue with theories. Moreover, hardly any study found an adequate solution for enhancing the listening skills. Particularly, a study conducted by Chang and Millett (2013) discussed in the literature review only talk about how an individual lose patience in listening but the study did not pay required to attention to solutions of the identified barriers. Action plan Type of activities Current performance Things I need to improve Time required Session for controlling Talkaholic attitude (Compulsive talking treatment) I have observed that I talk a lot on situations, which is unnecessary. The exaggeration of the topic affects the audience and thereby results to ineffective communication. The social acceptance of such communication, which is undertaken by me, is negligible. I believe that I am required to bring in changes in the structure of the speech. I am required to get a hold of the topic in order to stop myself from exaggerating on the same. I suppose that writing down the message would also help me in initiating the practice. A steady speech therapy would also helps in outnumbering the issue that is being faced by me. It will be helping me to outline the context and speak accordingly. 2-3 months Training to improve Attentiveness and concentration Inattention has caused several impacts on the effectiveness of the messages that are being conveyed. I have noticed that I face a serious issue while attending lectures due to the inattentiveness. It affects the priority of the message and the understanding of the same. The proper understanding of the message helps in the identification of the different contexts that are being addressed in the lectures. I am required to improve on my attentiveness in order to facilitate the proper understanding and the interpretation of the messages that are being conveyed. The most important steps that I must undertake is to make improvements in the attentiveness. I have planned a short session in order to bring in improvements in the attentiveness. Meditation sessions will be helping in the promotion of the attentiveness. I believe the sessions will be helping in bringing about changes in the communicative abilities and enhance the concentration which is much required for undertaking effective communication. 4-5 months Perception and cognitive development The lack of perception affects the understanding and the interpretation of the message that is being conveyed. I believe that I lack in the proper implementation of perception and the cognitive abilities to relate. It affects the communication through the misunderstandings. The proper understanding of the different issues that are being faced by me relating to the perception has affected the total idea of the message. I must take steps in order to bring in changes in the perception and the cognitive abilities. In order to do so, I must undertake a session in order to bring in changes in the mindset and the perceiving power. The clarity and brevity of the message is useful for a start. However, there are issues that might be faced by the proper implementation of the elements of the cognition. The abilities have helped in undertaking ways for the better functioning of the communication systems. 6-8 months Table one 1: Action plan (Source: Self-Made) Elements January-March April-June July-September Compulsive communication training Improvement of attentiveness Perception and cognitive development Table 2: Gantt Chart References Aldera, A. S., Mohsen, M. A. (2013). Annotations in captioned animation: Effects on vocabulary learning and listening skills.Computers Education,68, 60-75. Chang, A. C., Millett, S. (2013). The effect of extensive listening on developing L2 listening fluency: Some hard evidence.ELT journal,68(1), 31-40. Jenifer, R. D., Raman, G. P. (2015). Cross-cultural communication barriers in the workplace.Internafional Journal of Management,6(1), 348-351. Koran, L. M., Simpson, H. B. (2013). Guideline watch (March 2013): practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Mataix?Cols, D., de la Cruz, L. F., Nordsletten, A. E., Lenhard, F., Isomura, K., Simpson, H. B. (2016). Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission, recovery and relapse in obsessive?compulsive disorder.World Psychiatry,15(1), 80-81. Mataix?Cols, D., de la Cruz, L. F., Nordsletten, A. E., Lenhard, F., Isomura, K., Simpson, H. B. (2016). Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission, recovery and relapse in obsessive?compulsive disorder.World Psychiatry,15(1), 80-81. McCroskey, L. L., Teven, J. J., Minielli, M. C., Richmond McCroskey, V. P. (2014). James C. McCroskey's instructional communication legacy: Collaborations, mentorships, teachers, and students.Communication Education,63(4), 283-307. Men, L. R. (2014). Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction.Management Communication Quarterly,28(2), 264-284. Mller, A., Claes, L., Georgiadou, E., Mllenkamp, M., Voth, E. M., Faber, R. J., ... de Zwaan, M. (2014). Is compulsive buying related to materialism, depression or temperament? Findings from a sample of treatment-seeking patients with CB.Psychiatry research,216(1), 103-107. Oduolowu, E., Oluwakemi, E. (2014). Effect of storytelling on listening skills of primary one pupil in Ibadan North local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria.International journal of humanities and social science,4(9), 100-107. Olatunji, B. O., Rosenfield, D., Tart, C. D., Cottraux, J., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. (2013). Behavioral versus cognitive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: An examination of outcome and mediators of change.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,81(3), 415. Olatunji, B. O., Rosenfield, D., Tart, C. D., Cottraux, J., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. (2013). Behavioral versus cognitive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: An examination of outcome and mediators of change.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,81(3), 415. Penn, C., Watermeyer, I. (2012). Cultural brokerage and overcoming communication barriers.Coordinating participation in dialogue interpreting,102, 269. Phutela, D. (2015). The importance of non-verbal communication.IUP Journal of Soft Skills,9(4), 43. Renukadevi, D. (2014). The role of listening in language acquisition; the challenges strategies in teaching listening.International journal of education and information studies,4(1), 59-63. Rispoli, M., Camargo, S., Machalicek, W., Lang, R., Sigafoos, J. (2014). Functional communication training in the treatment of problem behavior maintained by access to rituals.Journal of applied behavior analysis,47(3), 580-593. Samuels, J., Shugart, Y. Y., Wang, Y., Grados, M. A., Bienvenu, O. J., Pinto, A., ... Piacentini, J. (2014). Clinical correlates and genetic linkage of social and communication difficulties in families with obsessivecompulsive disorder: Results from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study.American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics,165(4), 326-336. Siegel, J. (2013). Exploring L2 listening instruction: Examinations of practice.ELT journal,68(1), 22-30. Thompson-Hollands, J., Edson, A., Tompson, M. C., Comer, J. S. (2014). Family involvement in the psychological treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder: A meta-analysis.Journal of Family Psychology,28(3), 287.

American Governments War on Drugs

History of war on drugs The issue of drug usage and supply has dominated the public domain throughout the 20th century. This was mainly because the drug market was purely unregulated. As a result, accessing drugs and substances containing derivatives of various drugs was also easy, including medical prescriptions that contained cocaine and heroin.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American Government’s War on Drugs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During early years of the 20th century, legislation played a major role in regulating the use of drugs in the United States and all over the world. For instance, the Pure Food and Drug Act, adopted in the year 1906 was to guard the society against poisonous drugs before it was amended in 1912 to address the issue of drugs carrying wrong labels. In 1914, the Harrison Tax Act was passed to prohibit the sale of heroin and cocaine. By the mid of 1930s, the Marihuana T ax Act was adopted and aimed at imposing taxes on marihuana. Although this drug was considered to be safe, law enforcers believed that if allowed to be supplied freely, it would become a gateway for other drugs like heroin. It was during the tenure of President Dwight D. Eisenhower that the war against drugs began, with the Narcotic Control of 1956 heightening the penalties associated with supply and usage of drugs. In 1954, the president called for a national war on drugs. Similarly, President Nixon’s regime demonstrated the willingness to fight drugs by ending the importation of marijuana from Mexico through tight cross-border security measures. Additionally, the formation of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 was a milestone in strengthening the war as it gave federal government an upper hand in fighting drug abuse. In 1971, President Nixon declared that drug abuse was â€Å"the number-one public enemy,† and stepped up efforts directed o n fighting the scourge. Besides enforcement of the law, the president emphasized the need to treat drug addicts.2 He also engaged celebrities in spreading the news about the negative effects of drugs.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1970s, drug abuse was considered by many as a law enforcement problem that required criminal-justice strategies to fight. The inclusion of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) into the federal law equally boosted efforts to save the society from the dangers of drug abuse.3 Nancy Reagan is also remembered for her campaigns in schools, teaching students about the effects of drug abuse. Her activism drew huge attention and became the core of the anti drug war. By focusing on the impact of drug abuse on children, it was easy for anti drug administration to formulate stronger legislation that would protect existing and future generations. During t hat time, cocaine was th most abused drug followed by heroin, which usage was rampant among African-Americans. The popularity of cocaine continued to grow among middle-class Americans as it was processed into smaller blocks to enhance easy acquisition by people from different social classes. As a result, the Antidrug Act of 1986 was established to discourage the use of â€Å"crack† by introducing the 100:1 ratio, which meant that a person found with 50g of crack would be imprisoned for ten years, an equivalent sentence for being in possession of 5000g of the powered â€Å"yuppie.†4 The war on drugs has continued to intensify in recent decades, and leaders of that war adopted better rules and ways of dealing with the problem. For instance, Joe Biden’s 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill allowed the death penalty, symbolizing the seriousness of the war, comparing its victims to other offenders like murderers and rapists.5 Additionally, the arising confusion between the defini tion of legal and illegal drugs became evident in the implementation of the drug policy legislation. For example, the law recognized narcotics as illegal, unless they were medically processed and prescribed. Importantly, not all prescribed drugs were safe. Illegal narcotics are those used without professional prescription. Despite the existence of this unstable definition, the issue has not been confusing. The only confusing thing in this scenario is the government legalizing the use of a particular drug and goes ahead to hunt its users.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American Government’s War on Drugs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This occurred in 1996 when marijuana usage had been authorized in California before successive American government arrested several marijuana distributors in the same state. In his first term, President Barrack Obama continued with the war on drugs, with his drug policy coo rdinator suggesting the rebranding of the war as harm-reduction strategies. This is believed to have been based on the need to rehabilitate addicts and manage complications associated with drug abuse. In general, the Obama administration has not deviated from the Bush administration even though the war remained a rhetorical convention with regard to the view of enforcing the country’s drug policy enforcement. Nevertheless, rebranding of the policy as harm-reduction strategies has been viewed as a step forward in managing drug abuse. Success of the war on drugs Analyzing the success of the war on drugs in the society, it is important to understand the drug control rhetoric, which is aimed at realizing a drug-free society. Based on this analogy, it is believed that the war on drugs has not been successful since a democratic society cannot be 100% drug-free.6 This argument affirms that the campaign lacks practicality in addressing complex issues surrounding drug usage. Additiona lly, the use of illegal drugs has far-reaching implications besides the mere usage. For instance, consumption of alcohol and tobacco by underage children, and unlawful use of prescribed drugs has become a burden to the society.7 Although many people are not aware of it, the cost of cocaine exceeds that of the combination of other drugs. In this view, the war with this social problem is interpreted as an application for general illegal drugs. Goals The war on drugs has mainly been led by the national drug control which strategies have not been changed significantly since 1989, when it issued its initial annual strategy volume.8Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The initial strategies of the NDC were aimed at controlling the overall usage of drugs, initiation reduction and management at every level, including casual users and addicts. In addition, the agency was aimed at the reduction of hospital admissions by addressing import availability and local production of drugs. In 1990s, NDC simplified its goals and targeted the reduction of drug usage considering the consequences that were related to the use of drugs. Nevertheless, today the administration puts more weight on measures that target usage of these drugs. Unlike previous strategies, the current blueprint incorporates the need for education, treatment and disruption of the market through national policies. In its application, the current national drug control is principally motivated by the desire to reduce the impact of drug abuse on the society.9 Nevertheless, no explicit efforts have been witnessed to handle other consequences like overdose, HIV infection, and lost productivity. As a result, there is a difficulty in accounting against broader objectives of the NDC. It is important to reaffirm that the national strategy towards winning the war on drugs is by reducing drug abuse consequences. In this approach, success with light users is more likely than with addicts. It, therefore, follows that the progress towards the use-reduction goal may not necessarily indicate a similar change in a consequence reduction mode.10 This is to say that, reduction of casual marijuana users may not show a decrease in drug use consequences. Consequences of war on drugs The war on drugs has been conducted for more than fifty years, without focusing on ways of establishing long-term strategies of dealing with drug usage and supply. Besides this has seen a failure, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime observes that there is a host of negative effects, which have been precipitated by this war on drugs.11 These consequences are based on a punitive approach that has allowed cr iminal gangs to be in-charge of the trade and criminalized several drug users. The following points are considered to be major effects of drug abuse. National development Since its launch several decades ago, the war on drugs has continuously undermined development and security in most parts of the world. It has been found that drug traffickers can have a reliable supply of illegal drugs if honest politicians, government employees and security agents like armies are not involved. Additionally, this can be achieved if farmers have a limited access to money to acquire enough farm inputs like fertilizers.12 Traffickers, therefore, thrive in cases where there is little governance or presence of poor infrastructure. As a result, they target at weak countries, which are easy to manipulate. With this target, they are able to equip private armies, merge and fund revolts, and corrupt police, government officials and politicians. Examples of such countries, which have been affected by drug tr affickers, are Afghanistan and Colombia among others.13 After destabilizing a country, they disrupt the operations of international and non-governmental organizations and divert resources and aid into enforcement. The same consequences are replicated during the shipment of other drugs like heroin, undermining governance, security and economic development of the country. Human rights It is doubtless that human rights of most drug users and farmers who plant these crops are rarely addressed by the United Nations or at the local level during the fight against drug abuse. As a result, this war is always characterized by serious violation of human rights, including but not limited to mass incarceration, torture, inhumane treatment, extrajudicial killings and denial of basic health services.14 Most of these policies further discriminate people, who use drugs. As a result, they impede them from access to drugs, harm prevention, and HIV treatment. It is important to mention that young child ren have also been exposed to these human rights costs. Moreover, local communities involved in drug-producing usually receive cruel treatment during the process of eradicating the crops from farms. Stigma and discrimination Like with any other form of war in the world, the negative effects of the war on drugs are mainly felt by marginalized, vulnerable and those that are excluded from the society. Children and young people are always placed on the frontline by individuals or groups of people dealing with drugs. Amazingly, most of these children are forced into the business because of poverty, drug war casualties or as a result of being orphaned, due to incarceration of parents.15 Women equally suffer from exploitation by the drug business. Women with young babies are usually separated from their children, especially when they are put in prison. This detachment may affect the child due to limited resources for him or her. Drug enforcement has also promoted social prejudice, where so me minority groups of people are targeted and punished for being stereotypically labeled as drug users or distributors. Threat to public health Historically, the war on drugs has been perceived to protect health of people by limiting the accessibility and usage of illegal drugs. However, research has revealed that this target has not been met, based on the increasing number of drug users and the existence of market that allows individuals to purchase the drugs cheaply.16 Additionally, the policy has increased the risk associated with the use of drugs through exposure to contaminants and risky behaviors like injection. As a result, drug users are exposed to overdoses, blood-borne diseases and poisonings among others. To a worse extreme, some victims have contracted HIV via the above-mentioned health risks. 17 Increased crime Instead of eliminating crime, drug control policies have promoted the establishment of a drug market, which was estimated in the year 2005 to register a turnover of $300 billion in a year.18 The truth behind this is the fact that all the profit and wealth derived from these sales is enjoyed by drug traffickers and kingpins. Consequently, producing countries may become unstable and corrupt while consuming states may experience an increase in gangsters and drug addicts. Additionally, the expansion of the market contributes to the destabilization of the world financial system through money laundering and overstretching the criminal-justice system, emanating from an exponential increase in the number of criminals to be sent to prisons. Biblical approach Based on the analysis presented earlier in this paper, it is evident that the war on drugs has not been successful. From the increasing prison population to the immense cost and implication of the war both to the society and economy, there is a need for a better solution to be considered. This is important in reassuring people that it is not â€Å"war† as perceived but strategies to avoid initiation into drug usage and rehabilitation programs to help the addicts.19 Nevertheless, this has to be coupled with other institutions like criminal justice, in achieving a safe living environment that has minimum risks. In addressing the question of drug abuse from a biblical and ethical perspectives, it is paramount to ask ourselves the morality of drug abuse and the ethical implications of the war. Can Christians be drug addicts? Does the biblical approach support or oppose the war on drugs? One of the main facts about the bible is that becoming a Christian does not automatically shield an individual from danger and tribulations. In other words, a Christian can suffer a worse tragedy similar to non-Christians. Unlike other people, the bible guarantees Christians a path to be taken in order to avoid temptations, sin and criminal behavior.20 It advocates for obedience, respect to authority and law and doing what is right in the presence of God. According to David, a major char acter in the bible, who is believed to be an ancestor of Jesus, God created human beings in their natural state that allows natural functioning of the body without use of artificial substances like drugs. In doing so, God knew that men would live a full life without finding satisfaction in drugs and related behavior in the society. We are therefore supposed to avoid conforming to the patterns of the world because of the natural state of our creation.21 According to the bible, men and women are controlled by God every time because He is all-knowing and omnipresent. Importantly, God does not spy on human beings but gives them free will to decide on what is right and what is wrong. As stated in the bible, God considers our bodies as His dwelling places that are supposed to remain clean and well nourished. At this point, we need to ask ourselves how marijuana, nicotine, cocaine or heroin nourish our bodies in preparing a â€Å"fit dwelling† for Him. Does the use of these substanc es make us better or worse than before? If human bodies are God’s temple, can he cohabit with drugs? One of the ways through which drugs operate is the way they alter the normal functioning of the body, by affecting the manner in which a person thinks and behaves, sometimes in a dangerous way that threatens an individual or a group of people. It should be understood that the bible does recognize the medical use of drugs in restoring the normal status of a person promptly. This, therefore, supports the use of prescribed drugs with a prescription from a professional medical doctor. Besides this authorization, these drugs are to be used responsibly without sharing with friends or family members. Another biblical aspect is that human bodies are created as a unity of body, soul and mind.22 The existence of the three aspects of the human body defines the functional ability of a person, although normalcy is only enjoyed when the three are in sound states. The implication if this for mation is that disruption of a single segment of the body that affects normal performance of the body as a whole. Additionally, the bible teaches about self-control and the need for human beings to take control of themselves.23 This virtue is completely uninstalled whenever a person is under the influence of drugs, due to distortion of the mind. Besides the bodily make-up, the bible equally emphasizes on godly behavior and the need for one to maintain good behavior. Definitely, drug abuse cannot fall under good behavior. This kind of behavior mentioned in the bible benefits individuals and those around. The bible, therefore, advocates for role models in the society to shape morality, set standards and correct those who stray from desirable ways of God.24 As such, Christians are called upon not to be stumbling blocks to other people in the society but to behave responsibly. With regard to the use of drugs and its â€Å"unsuccessful† war, one needs to think of the effects of ab using drugs before going for them. How then does the bible view the war on drugs? Basically, this is seen as a way of restoring sanity and morality in the society. From this perspective, drug abuse alters the normal body operation of an individual, rendering him/her unfit to belong to the family of God.25 Drug users and addicts gain a state that does not accommodate God as his temple through contamination and infections. Based on this interplay between the teachings of the bible and the war on drugs, it is important to mention that drug abuse has an array of negative effects and needs to be curbed to save humanity. By the fact that God appoints leaders into authority, they ought to use wisdom from God to lay down workable, human and achievable strategies to drive the agenda of fighting drugs in the country.26 This is necessary in eliminating loopholes in the current war plan, that have given the opponents of this idea a platform to prophesy doom over the initiative launched several decades ago. Contrary to this perspective, it has been argued that there are more than enough reasons drawn from the bible, which condemn and oppose the war on drugs. This is not only on the manner in which the strategy has failed but also about the lack of biblical background. According to Laurence M. Vance, a U.S. theologian, the use of alcohol is the only condemned thing by the New Testament and not all the drugs which are listed as illegal. Vance notes that the bible does not allow excess consumption of alcohol but instead recommends that one should be filled with the Holy Spirit.27 Despite this biblical recognition of alcohol, it has been branded and treated like other drugs. He further argues that not all crimes are sins and that the war on drugs criminalizes every act of drug abuse. As a result, he believes that Christians ought to oppose the war on drugs. Bibliography Caulkins, Jonathan. â€Å"How Goes the War on Drugs.† RAND. http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_paper s/2005/RAND_OP121.pdf . Gospel Way. â€Å"Drug Abuse and the Bible: Intoxication, Addiction, and Sobriety.† Gospel Way. http://www.gospelway.com/morality/drug_abuse.php . Hagen, Bernhard. The War on Drugs. Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2004. Hartstein, Max. The War on Drugs The Worst Addiction of All. Indiana: iUniverse, 2003. Lyman, Michael, and Gary Potter. Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010. Malinowska-Sempruch, Kasia, and Sarah Gallagher. War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights. New York City: IDEA, 2004. Mauer, Marc. â€Å"The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs.† The Sentencing Project. http://sentencingproject.org/doc/dp_raceanddrugs.pdf . Rowe, Thomas. Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole. London: Routledge, 2006. Thomas, Kelly. â€Å"A Model for Success in the Drug War.† The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 8 (80): 1-31. Vance, Laurence. â€Å"Should Christians Support the War on Drugs.à ¢â‚¬  LewRockwell. http://lewrockwell.com/vance/vance283.html . Watton. â€Å"The Biblical View.† Watton. http://www.watton.org/drugsinfo/biblicalview/index.shtml . Footnotes 1 Bernhard Hagen, The War on Drugs (Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2004), 4. 2 Ibid. 3 Thomas Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole (London: Routledge, 2006), 88. 4 Bernhard Hagen, The War on Drugs (Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2004), 5. 5 Thomas Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole (London: Routledge, 2006), 92. 6 Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch and Sarah Gallagher, War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights (New York City: IDEA, 2004), 60. 7 Max Hartstein, The War on Drugs The Worst Addiction of All (Indiana: iUniverse, 2003), 88. 8 Jonathan Caulkins, â€Å"How Goes the War on Drugs† RAND, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2005/RAND_OP121.pdf . 9 Marc Mauer, â€Å"The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs,† The Sentencing Proj ect, http://sentencingproject.org/doc/dp_raceanddrugs.pdf . 10 Jonathan Caulkins, â€Å"How Goes the War on Drugs† RAND, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2005/RAND_OP121.pdf . 11 Thomas Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole (London: Routledge, 2006), 96. 12 Michael Lyman and Gary Potter, Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010), 10. 13 Ibid. 14 Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch and Gallagher Sarah, War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights (New York City: IDEA, 2004), 77. 15 Marc Mauer, â€Å"The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs,† The Sentencing Project, http://sentencingproject.org/doc/dp_raceanddrugs.pdf . 16 Max Hartstein, The War on Drugs The Worst Addiction of All (Indiana: iUniverse, 2003), 3. 17 Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch and Gallagher Sarah, War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights (New York City: IDEA, 2004), 60. 18 Michael Lyman and Gary Potter, Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010), 11. 19 Max Hartstein, The War on Drugs The Worst Addiction of All (Indiana: iUniverse, 2003), 53. 20 Gospel Way, â€Å"Drug Abuse and the Bible: Intoxication, Addiction, and Sobriety,† Gospel Way, http://www.gospelway.com/morality/drug_abuse.php . 21 Laurence Vance, â€Å"Should Christians Support the War on Drugs,† LewRockwell, http://lewrockwell.com/vance/vance283.html . 22 Watton, â€Å"The Biblical View,† Watton, http://www.watton.org/drugsinfo/biblicalview/index.shtml . 23 Gospel Way, â€Å"Drug Abuse and the Bible: Intoxication, Addiction, and Sobriety,† Gospel Way, http://www.gospelway.com/morality/drug_abuse.php . 24 Ibid. 25 Laurence Vance, â€Å"Should Christians Support the War on Drugs,† LewRockwell, http://lewrockwell.com/vance/vance283.html . 26 Watton, â€Å"The Biblical View,† Watton, http://www.watton.org/drugsinfo/biblicalview/index.shtml . 27 Laurence Vance, â€Å"Should Christian s Support the War on Drugs,† LewRockwell, http://lewrockwell.com/vance/vance283.html . This essay on American Government’s War on Drugs was written and submitted by user Alyssa Thornton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Essays

Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Essays Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Essay Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Essay The goal of socialism is to minimize people’s suffering through public control of industry and social services; socialism rejects class-based society (TheFreeDictionary, 2010). Socialism promises prosperity, equality, and security to the people. However, in many cases socialism has brought poverty, misery, and tyranny to the people; equality is achieved in the sense that everyone is equal in misery (Perry, 1995, June). Key characteristics of the socialist system in Sweden and Russia are described in this paper, and advantages and disadvantages of the system are discussed. In 1917 the Russian Revolution overthrew the czarist regime that ruled the Russian Empire. The new leaders created the Soviet Union and attempted to establish a socialist state based on the writings of Karl Marx. However, Marx did not explain how the socialist system would function. Without a blueprint for establishing the socialist system, the leaders of the new regime of Russia struggled to invent one. Under its socialist system, the government of Russia declared its ownership of most businesses and forced peasants to turn over a share of their output to the government. This â€Å"war communism† allowed the government to take control of production and distribution of goods (Rittenberg Tregarthen, 2009, April). The new government replaced elected officials with its own, â€Å"took over† land, banks, insurance companies, and large factories. The new regime destroyed the pre-revolutionary legal structure of the Russian economy. The program of â€Å"war communism† devastated the economy and the people lived in poverty, tyranny, and misery. In 1921 Soviet communist leader Vladimir Lenin restored the legal basis necessary for the Russian economy to function, and he ordered that the government draft and enact a civil code based on western European civil law (Maggs, 2010). Russia and Sweden are socialist countries governed by European civil law. Socialism is an economic system that exists in environments where resources are plentiful, or populations are extremely small. Advantages of socialism include (Free, 1995): Socialism provides every member with survival needs, creating a stable social environment. Members who cannot participate economically because of disabilities, age, or illness are provided with survival needs by the government. Mandatory paid sick leave for an indefinite amount of time (Cooper, 2009, April 23). Unemployment rates low because of active labor market policies – including subsidized employment, training, and job search assistance (Card, Kluve, Weber, 2009, February). Providing members with à ¢â‚¬Å"cradle to grave† benefits includes free universal health care, dental care, free education, and child-care; however, these benefits are not â€Å"free. Sweden, commonly known as a â€Å"welfare state† levies a 57% income tax on its workers to pay for these benefits (Cooper, 2009, April 23). Although Swedish hospitals rank among the best in the world, waiting times are also the longest in Europe. In August 2007, approximately 33,000 people had been waiting more than three months for surgery or other major treatments. Waiting times for emergency care in the overcrowded hospitals was approximately four hours. Medical resources in Sweden are strained by the continued rising demand. More than 5% of Swedes are at least 80 and receiving pensions, and the overall population of Sweden has increased by 9% in the past 20 years (Magnusson, 2008, January 24). Swedes receive 80% of their salary while on sick leave. Abuse of sick leave is rampart, and at any given time at least 10% of Swedes are on sick leave. Over three-fifths of these workers tell pollsters they take leave when they have no health issues (Cooper, 2009, April 23). In 2006 Sweden had an official unemployment rate of 6% mainly because of active labor market policies. The government provides training to the unemployed, assist with job search, and sometimes creates jobs in the public sector for the unemployed (Cooper, 2009, April 23). However, this â€Å"coddling† from the government creates a lack of incentives for workers to work harder and to â€Å"fend† for their selves. The socialistic system provides no inherent incentive to participate; therefore, this makes the socialism internally unstable. The lack of incentives tends to make the socialistic system non-competitive, making them externally unstable (Free, 1995). References Card, D. Kluve, J. , Weber, A. (2009, February). Active labor market policy evaluations: a meta- analysis. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website operationspaix. net/sites/politiquessociales. net/IMG/pdf/dp4002. pdf. Cooper, R. (2009, April 23). Jon Stewart: socialism is awesome. Retrieved on September 8, 2010 from the Website http://blog. heritage. org/2009/04/23/jon-stewart-socialism-is-awesome/. Free, R. (1995). Economics. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website http://graphcomp. com/home/bfree/opinions/economy. html. Maggs, P. (2010). Soviet law. Retrieved on September 9, 2010 from the Website britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/557116/Soviet-law. Perry M. , (1995, June). Why socialism failed. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website thefreemanonline. org/featured/why-socialims-failed/#. Rittenberg, L. Tregarthen, T. (2009, April). Principles of microeconomics. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website flatworldknowledge. com /node/28416 #web-28416. TheFreeDictionary. (2010). Socialism. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Socialism.

Business organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business organisations - Essay Example Due to its corporate nature, like a structure of a company; some provisions of Partnership Act 1890 are not applicable to an LLP. Characteristics of Limited Liability Partnership Incorporation At least two people are required to form a Limited Liability Partnership. The Limited Liability Partnership is a legal personality (Law society, 2007).They associate for the purpose of doing a lawful commercial activity with a view to earn profit. To become a legal person, the members of Limited Liability Partnership are required to provide their names to a document called an â€Å"incorporation document†. In this document, name of Limited Liability Partnership, location and address of registered office, names and addresses of minimum two members must be mentioned in the incorporation document. After completing all these necessary legal requirements, the incorporation document must be sent to the registrar. Additionally, a declaration of compliance that Limited Liability Partnership sati sfies the requirements of the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000, should be sent to the registrar. Upon receiving the incorporation document, the registrar will ensure that all legal requirements are satisfied. After ensuring that, the registrar will issue a certificate of incorporation. ... The members of partnership can decide the rights and duties of members by mutual consent and agreement. In case, the members are unable to agree on rights and duties, then, the partnership will be governed by Limited Liability Partnership Regulations 2001 (Corporate and Business Law UK). Also, each member acts as an agent of the Limited Liability Partnership. Name The incorporation document must include the name of Limited Liability Partnership. The name must end with â€Å"Limited Liability Partnership, or llp or LLP†. Liability for Debts The liability of a member of a Limited Liability Partnership is limited to the capital contribution (Duntop). If the Limited Liability Partnership goes into liquidation, and the liquidation creates debts that are required to be paid by the members of the Limited Liability Partnership, then, the liability of the members of the Limited Liability Partnership shall be restricted or limited to the capital contribution provided by the members. Als o, the members are not under any legal requirement to contribute a specified amount for the creation of a Limited Liability Partnership. This right is given to the members that they themselves decide the amount for capital contribution. Additionally, the members are allowed to withdraw their capital contribution anytime. The law has authorised the members take and implement this decision. Benefits of Limited Liability Partnership The provision of limited liability This is a significant benefit of Limited Liability Partnership. In the standard partnership, the members have unlimited liability. This means in case of liquidation, the members of standard partnership are required to