American Governments War on Drugs

History of war on drugs The issue of drug usage and supply has dominated the public domain throughout the 20th century. This was mainly because the drug market was purely unregulated. As a result, accessing drugs and substances containing derivatives of various drugs was also easy, including medical prescriptions that contained cocaine and heroin.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American Government’s War on Drugs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During early years of the 20th century, legislation played a major role in regulating the use of drugs in the United States and all over the world. For instance, the Pure Food and Drug Act, adopted in the year 1906 was to guard the society against poisonous drugs before it was amended in 1912 to address the issue of drugs carrying wrong labels. In 1914, the Harrison Tax Act was passed to prohibit the sale of heroin and cocaine. By the mid of 1930s, the Marihuana T ax Act was adopted and aimed at imposing taxes on marihuana. Although this drug was considered to be safe, law enforcers believed that if allowed to be supplied freely, it would become a gateway for other drugs like heroin. It was during the tenure of President Dwight D. Eisenhower that the war against drugs began, with the Narcotic Control of 1956 heightening the penalties associated with supply and usage of drugs. In 1954, the president called for a national war on drugs. Similarly, President Nixon’s regime demonstrated the willingness to fight drugs by ending the importation of marijuana from Mexico through tight cross-border security measures. Additionally, the formation of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 was a milestone in strengthening the war as it gave federal government an upper hand in fighting drug abuse. In 1971, President Nixon declared that drug abuse was â€Å"the number-one public enemy,† and stepped up efforts directed o n fighting the scourge. Besides enforcement of the law, the president emphasized the need to treat drug addicts.2 He also engaged celebrities in spreading the news about the negative effects of drugs.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1970s, drug abuse was considered by many as a law enforcement problem that required criminal-justice strategies to fight. The inclusion of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) into the federal law equally boosted efforts to save the society from the dangers of drug abuse.3 Nancy Reagan is also remembered for her campaigns in schools, teaching students about the effects of drug abuse. Her activism drew huge attention and became the core of the anti drug war. By focusing on the impact of drug abuse on children, it was easy for anti drug administration to formulate stronger legislation that would protect existing and future generations. During t hat time, cocaine was th most abused drug followed by heroin, which usage was rampant among African-Americans. The popularity of cocaine continued to grow among middle-class Americans as it was processed into smaller blocks to enhance easy acquisition by people from different social classes. As a result, the Antidrug Act of 1986 was established to discourage the use of â€Å"crack† by introducing the 100:1 ratio, which meant that a person found with 50g of crack would be imprisoned for ten years, an equivalent sentence for being in possession of 5000g of the powered â€Å"yuppie.†4 The war on drugs has continued to intensify in recent decades, and leaders of that war adopted better rules and ways of dealing with the problem. For instance, Joe Biden’s 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill allowed the death penalty, symbolizing the seriousness of the war, comparing its victims to other offenders like murderers and rapists.5 Additionally, the arising confusion between the defini tion of legal and illegal drugs became evident in the implementation of the drug policy legislation. For example, the law recognized narcotics as illegal, unless they were medically processed and prescribed. Importantly, not all prescribed drugs were safe. Illegal narcotics are those used without professional prescription. Despite the existence of this unstable definition, the issue has not been confusing. The only confusing thing in this scenario is the government legalizing the use of a particular drug and goes ahead to hunt its users.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American Government’s War on Drugs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This occurred in 1996 when marijuana usage had been authorized in California before successive American government arrested several marijuana distributors in the same state. In his first term, President Barrack Obama continued with the war on drugs, with his drug policy coo rdinator suggesting the rebranding of the war as harm-reduction strategies. This is believed to have been based on the need to rehabilitate addicts and manage complications associated with drug abuse. In general, the Obama administration has not deviated from the Bush administration even though the war remained a rhetorical convention with regard to the view of enforcing the country’s drug policy enforcement. Nevertheless, rebranding of the policy as harm-reduction strategies has been viewed as a step forward in managing drug abuse. Success of the war on drugs Analyzing the success of the war on drugs in the society, it is important to understand the drug control rhetoric, which is aimed at realizing a drug-free society. Based on this analogy, it is believed that the war on drugs has not been successful since a democratic society cannot be 100% drug-free.6 This argument affirms that the campaign lacks practicality in addressing complex issues surrounding drug usage. Additiona lly, the use of illegal drugs has far-reaching implications besides the mere usage. For instance, consumption of alcohol and tobacco by underage children, and unlawful use of prescribed drugs has become a burden to the society.7 Although many people are not aware of it, the cost of cocaine exceeds that of the combination of other drugs. In this view, the war with this social problem is interpreted as an application for general illegal drugs. Goals The war on drugs has mainly been led by the national drug control which strategies have not been changed significantly since 1989, when it issued its initial annual strategy volume.8Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The initial strategies of the NDC were aimed at controlling the overall usage of drugs, initiation reduction and management at every level, including casual users and addicts. In addition, the agency was aimed at the reduction of hospital admissions by addressing import availability and local production of drugs. In 1990s, NDC simplified its goals and targeted the reduction of drug usage considering the consequences that were related to the use of drugs. Nevertheless, today the administration puts more weight on measures that target usage of these drugs. Unlike previous strategies, the current blueprint incorporates the need for education, treatment and disruption of the market through national policies. In its application, the current national drug control is principally motivated by the desire to reduce the impact of drug abuse on the society.9 Nevertheless, no explicit efforts have been witnessed to handle other consequences like overdose, HIV infection, and lost productivity. As a result, there is a difficulty in accounting against broader objectives of the NDC. It is important to reaffirm that the national strategy towards winning the war on drugs is by reducing drug abuse consequences. In this approach, success with light users is more likely than with addicts. It, therefore, follows that the progress towards the use-reduction goal may not necessarily indicate a similar change in a consequence reduction mode.10 This is to say that, reduction of casual marijuana users may not show a decrease in drug use consequences. Consequences of war on drugs The war on drugs has been conducted for more than fifty years, without focusing on ways of establishing long-term strategies of dealing with drug usage and supply. Besides this has seen a failure, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime observes that there is a host of negative effects, which have been precipitated by this war on drugs.11 These consequences are based on a punitive approach that has allowed cr iminal gangs to be in-charge of the trade and criminalized several drug users. The following points are considered to be major effects of drug abuse. National development Since its launch several decades ago, the war on drugs has continuously undermined development and security in most parts of the world. It has been found that drug traffickers can have a reliable supply of illegal drugs if honest politicians, government employees and security agents like armies are not involved. Additionally, this can be achieved if farmers have a limited access to money to acquire enough farm inputs like fertilizers.12 Traffickers, therefore, thrive in cases where there is little governance or presence of poor infrastructure. As a result, they target at weak countries, which are easy to manipulate. With this target, they are able to equip private armies, merge and fund revolts, and corrupt police, government officials and politicians. Examples of such countries, which have been affected by drug tr affickers, are Afghanistan and Colombia among others.13 After destabilizing a country, they disrupt the operations of international and non-governmental organizations and divert resources and aid into enforcement. The same consequences are replicated during the shipment of other drugs like heroin, undermining governance, security and economic development of the country. Human rights It is doubtless that human rights of most drug users and farmers who plant these crops are rarely addressed by the United Nations or at the local level during the fight against drug abuse. As a result, this war is always characterized by serious violation of human rights, including but not limited to mass incarceration, torture, inhumane treatment, extrajudicial killings and denial of basic health services.14 Most of these policies further discriminate people, who use drugs. As a result, they impede them from access to drugs, harm prevention, and HIV treatment. It is important to mention that young child ren have also been exposed to these human rights costs. Moreover, local communities involved in drug-producing usually receive cruel treatment during the process of eradicating the crops from farms. Stigma and discrimination Like with any other form of war in the world, the negative effects of the war on drugs are mainly felt by marginalized, vulnerable and those that are excluded from the society. Children and young people are always placed on the frontline by individuals or groups of people dealing with drugs. Amazingly, most of these children are forced into the business because of poverty, drug war casualties or as a result of being orphaned, due to incarceration of parents.15 Women equally suffer from exploitation by the drug business. Women with young babies are usually separated from their children, especially when they are put in prison. This detachment may affect the child due to limited resources for him or her. Drug enforcement has also promoted social prejudice, where so me minority groups of people are targeted and punished for being stereotypically labeled as drug users or distributors. Threat to public health Historically, the war on drugs has been perceived to protect health of people by limiting the accessibility and usage of illegal drugs. However, research has revealed that this target has not been met, based on the increasing number of drug users and the existence of market that allows individuals to purchase the drugs cheaply.16 Additionally, the policy has increased the risk associated with the use of drugs through exposure to contaminants and risky behaviors like injection. As a result, drug users are exposed to overdoses, blood-borne diseases and poisonings among others. To a worse extreme, some victims have contracted HIV via the above-mentioned health risks. 17 Increased crime Instead of eliminating crime, drug control policies have promoted the establishment of a drug market, which was estimated in the year 2005 to register a turnover of $300 billion in a year.18 The truth behind this is the fact that all the profit and wealth derived from these sales is enjoyed by drug traffickers and kingpins. Consequently, producing countries may become unstable and corrupt while consuming states may experience an increase in gangsters and drug addicts. Additionally, the expansion of the market contributes to the destabilization of the world financial system through money laundering and overstretching the criminal-justice system, emanating from an exponential increase in the number of criminals to be sent to prisons. Biblical approach Based on the analysis presented earlier in this paper, it is evident that the war on drugs has not been successful. From the increasing prison population to the immense cost and implication of the war both to the society and economy, there is a need for a better solution to be considered. This is important in reassuring people that it is not â€Å"war† as perceived but strategies to avoid initiation into drug usage and rehabilitation programs to help the addicts.19 Nevertheless, this has to be coupled with other institutions like criminal justice, in achieving a safe living environment that has minimum risks. In addressing the question of drug abuse from a biblical and ethical perspectives, it is paramount to ask ourselves the morality of drug abuse and the ethical implications of the war. Can Christians be drug addicts? Does the biblical approach support or oppose the war on drugs? One of the main facts about the bible is that becoming a Christian does not automatically shield an individual from danger and tribulations. In other words, a Christian can suffer a worse tragedy similar to non-Christians. Unlike other people, the bible guarantees Christians a path to be taken in order to avoid temptations, sin and criminal behavior.20 It advocates for obedience, respect to authority and law and doing what is right in the presence of God. According to David, a major char acter in the bible, who is believed to be an ancestor of Jesus, God created human beings in their natural state that allows natural functioning of the body without use of artificial substances like drugs. In doing so, God knew that men would live a full life without finding satisfaction in drugs and related behavior in the society. We are therefore supposed to avoid conforming to the patterns of the world because of the natural state of our creation.21 According to the bible, men and women are controlled by God every time because He is all-knowing and omnipresent. Importantly, God does not spy on human beings but gives them free will to decide on what is right and what is wrong. As stated in the bible, God considers our bodies as His dwelling places that are supposed to remain clean and well nourished. At this point, we need to ask ourselves how marijuana, nicotine, cocaine or heroin nourish our bodies in preparing a â€Å"fit dwelling† for Him. Does the use of these substanc es make us better or worse than before? If human bodies are God’s temple, can he cohabit with drugs? One of the ways through which drugs operate is the way they alter the normal functioning of the body, by affecting the manner in which a person thinks and behaves, sometimes in a dangerous way that threatens an individual or a group of people. It should be understood that the bible does recognize the medical use of drugs in restoring the normal status of a person promptly. This, therefore, supports the use of prescribed drugs with a prescription from a professional medical doctor. Besides this authorization, these drugs are to be used responsibly without sharing with friends or family members. Another biblical aspect is that human bodies are created as a unity of body, soul and mind.22 The existence of the three aspects of the human body defines the functional ability of a person, although normalcy is only enjoyed when the three are in sound states. The implication if this for mation is that disruption of a single segment of the body that affects normal performance of the body as a whole. Additionally, the bible teaches about self-control and the need for human beings to take control of themselves.23 This virtue is completely uninstalled whenever a person is under the influence of drugs, due to distortion of the mind. Besides the bodily make-up, the bible equally emphasizes on godly behavior and the need for one to maintain good behavior. Definitely, drug abuse cannot fall under good behavior. This kind of behavior mentioned in the bible benefits individuals and those around. The bible, therefore, advocates for role models in the society to shape morality, set standards and correct those who stray from desirable ways of God.24 As such, Christians are called upon not to be stumbling blocks to other people in the society but to behave responsibly. With regard to the use of drugs and its â€Å"unsuccessful† war, one needs to think of the effects of ab using drugs before going for them. How then does the bible view the war on drugs? Basically, this is seen as a way of restoring sanity and morality in the society. From this perspective, drug abuse alters the normal body operation of an individual, rendering him/her unfit to belong to the family of God.25 Drug users and addicts gain a state that does not accommodate God as his temple through contamination and infections. Based on this interplay between the teachings of the bible and the war on drugs, it is important to mention that drug abuse has an array of negative effects and needs to be curbed to save humanity. By the fact that God appoints leaders into authority, they ought to use wisdom from God to lay down workable, human and achievable strategies to drive the agenda of fighting drugs in the country.26 This is necessary in eliminating loopholes in the current war plan, that have given the opponents of this idea a platform to prophesy doom over the initiative launched several decades ago. Contrary to this perspective, it has been argued that there are more than enough reasons drawn from the bible, which condemn and oppose the war on drugs. This is not only on the manner in which the strategy has failed but also about the lack of biblical background. According to Laurence M. Vance, a U.S. theologian, the use of alcohol is the only condemned thing by the New Testament and not all the drugs which are listed as illegal. Vance notes that the bible does not allow excess consumption of alcohol but instead recommends that one should be filled with the Holy Spirit.27 Despite this biblical recognition of alcohol, it has been branded and treated like other drugs. He further argues that not all crimes are sins and that the war on drugs criminalizes every act of drug abuse. As a result, he believes that Christians ought to oppose the war on drugs. Bibliography Caulkins, Jonathan. â€Å"How Goes the War on Drugs.† RAND. http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_paper s/2005/RAND_OP121.pdf . Gospel Way. â€Å"Drug Abuse and the Bible: Intoxication, Addiction, and Sobriety.† Gospel Way. http://www.gospelway.com/morality/drug_abuse.php . Hagen, Bernhard. The War on Drugs. Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2004. Hartstein, Max. The War on Drugs The Worst Addiction of All. Indiana: iUniverse, 2003. Lyman, Michael, and Gary Potter. Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010. Malinowska-Sempruch, Kasia, and Sarah Gallagher. War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights. New York City: IDEA, 2004. Mauer, Marc. â€Å"The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs.† The Sentencing Project. http://sentencingproject.org/doc/dp_raceanddrugs.pdf . Rowe, Thomas. Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole. London: Routledge, 2006. Thomas, Kelly. â€Å"A Model for Success in the Drug War.† The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 8 (80): 1-31. Vance, Laurence. â€Å"Should Christians Support the War on Drugs.à ¢â‚¬  LewRockwell. http://lewrockwell.com/vance/vance283.html . Watton. â€Å"The Biblical View.† Watton. http://www.watton.org/drugsinfo/biblicalview/index.shtml . Footnotes 1 Bernhard Hagen, The War on Drugs (Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2004), 4. 2 Ibid. 3 Thomas Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole (London: Routledge, 2006), 88. 4 Bernhard Hagen, The War on Drugs (Munich: GRIN Verlag, 2004), 5. 5 Thomas Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole (London: Routledge, 2006), 92. 6 Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch and Sarah Gallagher, War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights (New York City: IDEA, 2004), 60. 7 Max Hartstein, The War on Drugs The Worst Addiction of All (Indiana: iUniverse, 2003), 88. 8 Jonathan Caulkins, â€Å"How Goes the War on Drugs† RAND, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2005/RAND_OP121.pdf . 9 Marc Mauer, â€Å"The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs,† The Sentencing Proj ect, http://sentencingproject.org/doc/dp_raceanddrugs.pdf . 10 Jonathan Caulkins, â€Å"How Goes the War on Drugs† RAND, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2005/RAND_OP121.pdf . 11 Thomas Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole (London: Routledge, 2006), 96. 12 Michael Lyman and Gary Potter, Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010), 10. 13 Ibid. 14 Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch and Gallagher Sarah, War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights (New York City: IDEA, 2004), 77. 15 Marc Mauer, â€Å"The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs,† The Sentencing Project, http://sentencingproject.org/doc/dp_raceanddrugs.pdf . 16 Max Hartstein, The War on Drugs The Worst Addiction of All (Indiana: iUniverse, 2003), 3. 17 Kasia Malinowska-Sempruch and Gallagher Sarah, War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights (New York City: IDEA, 2004), 60. 18 Michael Lyman and Gary Potter, Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2010), 11. 19 Max Hartstein, The War on Drugs The Worst Addiction of All (Indiana: iUniverse, 2003), 53. 20 Gospel Way, â€Å"Drug Abuse and the Bible: Intoxication, Addiction, and Sobriety,† Gospel Way, http://www.gospelway.com/morality/drug_abuse.php . 21 Laurence Vance, â€Å"Should Christians Support the War on Drugs,† LewRockwell, http://lewrockwell.com/vance/vance283.html . 22 Watton, â€Å"The Biblical View,† Watton, http://www.watton.org/drugsinfo/biblicalview/index.shtml . 23 Gospel Way, â€Å"Drug Abuse and the Bible: Intoxication, Addiction, and Sobriety,† Gospel Way, http://www.gospelway.com/morality/drug_abuse.php . 24 Ibid. 25 Laurence Vance, â€Å"Should Christians Support the War on Drugs,† LewRockwell, http://lewrockwell.com/vance/vance283.html . 26 Watton, â€Å"The Biblical View,† Watton, http://www.watton.org/drugsinfo/biblicalview/index.shtml . 27 Laurence Vance, â€Å"Should Christian s Support the War on Drugs,† LewRockwell, http://lewrockwell.com/vance/vance283.html . This essay on American Government’s War on Drugs was written and submitted by user Alyssa Thornton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Essays

Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Essays Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Essay Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Essay The goal of socialism is to minimize people’s suffering through public control of industry and social services; socialism rejects class-based society (TheFreeDictionary, 2010). Socialism promises prosperity, equality, and security to the people. However, in many cases socialism has brought poverty, misery, and tyranny to the people; equality is achieved in the sense that everyone is equal in misery (Perry, 1995, June). Key characteristics of the socialist system in Sweden and Russia are described in this paper, and advantages and disadvantages of the system are discussed. In 1917 the Russian Revolution overthrew the czarist regime that ruled the Russian Empire. The new leaders created the Soviet Union and attempted to establish a socialist state based on the writings of Karl Marx. However, Marx did not explain how the socialist system would function. Without a blueprint for establishing the socialist system, the leaders of the new regime of Russia struggled to invent one. Under its socialist system, the government of Russia declared its ownership of most businesses and forced peasants to turn over a share of their output to the government. This â€Å"war communism† allowed the government to take control of production and distribution of goods (Rittenberg Tregarthen, 2009, April). The new government replaced elected officials with its own, â€Å"took over† land, banks, insurance companies, and large factories. The new regime destroyed the pre-revolutionary legal structure of the Russian economy. The program of â€Å"war communism† devastated the economy and the people lived in poverty, tyranny, and misery. In 1921 Soviet communist leader Vladimir Lenin restored the legal basis necessary for the Russian economy to function, and he ordered that the government draft and enact a civil code based on western European civil law (Maggs, 2010). Russia and Sweden are socialist countries governed by European civil law. Socialism is an economic system that exists in environments where resources are plentiful, or populations are extremely small. Advantages of socialism include (Free, 1995): Socialism provides every member with survival needs, creating a stable social environment. Members who cannot participate economically because of disabilities, age, or illness are provided with survival needs by the government. Mandatory paid sick leave for an indefinite amount of time (Cooper, 2009, April 23). Unemployment rates low because of active labor market policies – including subsidized employment, training, and job search assistance (Card, Kluve, Weber, 2009, February). Providing members with à ¢â‚¬Å"cradle to grave† benefits includes free universal health care, dental care, free education, and child-care; however, these benefits are not â€Å"free. Sweden, commonly known as a â€Å"welfare state† levies a 57% income tax on its workers to pay for these benefits (Cooper, 2009, April 23). Although Swedish hospitals rank among the best in the world, waiting times are also the longest in Europe. In August 2007, approximately 33,000 people had been waiting more than three months for surgery or other major treatments. Waiting times for emergency care in the overcrowded hospitals was approximately four hours. Medical resources in Sweden are strained by the continued rising demand. More than 5% of Swedes are at least 80 and receiving pensions, and the overall population of Sweden has increased by 9% in the past 20 years (Magnusson, 2008, January 24). Swedes receive 80% of their salary while on sick leave. Abuse of sick leave is rampart, and at any given time at least 10% of Swedes are on sick leave. Over three-fifths of these workers tell pollsters they take leave when they have no health issues (Cooper, 2009, April 23). In 2006 Sweden had an official unemployment rate of 6% mainly because of active labor market policies. The government provides training to the unemployed, assist with job search, and sometimes creates jobs in the public sector for the unemployed (Cooper, 2009, April 23). However, this â€Å"coddling† from the government creates a lack of incentives for workers to work harder and to â€Å"fend† for their selves. The socialistic system provides no inherent incentive to participate; therefore, this makes the socialism internally unstable. The lack of incentives tends to make the socialistic system non-competitive, making them externally unstable (Free, 1995). References Card, D. Kluve, J. , Weber, A. (2009, February). Active labor market policy evaluations: a meta- analysis. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website operationspaix. net/sites/politiquessociales. net/IMG/pdf/dp4002. pdf. Cooper, R. (2009, April 23). Jon Stewart: socialism is awesome. Retrieved on September 8, 2010 from the Website http://blog. heritage. org/2009/04/23/jon-stewart-socialism-is-awesome/. Free, R. (1995). Economics. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website http://graphcomp. com/home/bfree/opinions/economy. html. Maggs, P. (2010). Soviet law. Retrieved on September 9, 2010 from the Website britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/557116/Soviet-law. Perry M. , (1995, June). Why socialism failed. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website thefreemanonline. org/featured/why-socialims-failed/#. Rittenberg, L. Tregarthen, T. (2009, April). Principles of microeconomics. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website flatworldknowledge. com /node/28416 #web-28416. TheFreeDictionary. (2010). Socialism. Retrieved on September 7, 2010 from the Website http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Socialism.

Business organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business organisations - Essay Example Due to its corporate nature, like a structure of a company; some provisions of Partnership Act 1890 are not applicable to an LLP. Characteristics of Limited Liability Partnership Incorporation At least two people are required to form a Limited Liability Partnership. The Limited Liability Partnership is a legal personality (Law society, 2007).They associate for the purpose of doing a lawful commercial activity with a view to earn profit. To become a legal person, the members of Limited Liability Partnership are required to provide their names to a document called an â€Å"incorporation document†. In this document, name of Limited Liability Partnership, location and address of registered office, names and addresses of minimum two members must be mentioned in the incorporation document. After completing all these necessary legal requirements, the incorporation document must be sent to the registrar. Additionally, a declaration of compliance that Limited Liability Partnership sati sfies the requirements of the Limited Liability Partnership Act 2000, should be sent to the registrar. Upon receiving the incorporation document, the registrar will ensure that all legal requirements are satisfied. After ensuring that, the registrar will issue a certificate of incorporation. ... The members of partnership can decide the rights and duties of members by mutual consent and agreement. In case, the members are unable to agree on rights and duties, then, the partnership will be governed by Limited Liability Partnership Regulations 2001 (Corporate and Business Law UK). Also, each member acts as an agent of the Limited Liability Partnership. Name The incorporation document must include the name of Limited Liability Partnership. The name must end with â€Å"Limited Liability Partnership, or llp or LLP†. Liability for Debts The liability of a member of a Limited Liability Partnership is limited to the capital contribution (Duntop). If the Limited Liability Partnership goes into liquidation, and the liquidation creates debts that are required to be paid by the members of the Limited Liability Partnership, then, the liability of the members of the Limited Liability Partnership shall be restricted or limited to the capital contribution provided by the members. Als o, the members are not under any legal requirement to contribute a specified amount for the creation of a Limited Liability Partnership. This right is given to the members that they themselves decide the amount for capital contribution. Additionally, the members are allowed to withdraw their capital contribution anytime. The law has authorised the members take and implement this decision. Benefits of Limited Liability Partnership The provision of limited liability This is a significant benefit of Limited Liability Partnership. In the standard partnership, the members have unlimited liability. This means in case of liquidation, the members of standard partnership are required to

Liability for nurses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Liability for nurses - Essay Example of performing a task and does not necessarily have to include accountability or liability in it; in addition, responsibility can be delegated while accountability and liability cannot be delegated (Cornock, 2011) Advancement of technology in the provision of health care to the patient is very vital in obtaining a quick and optimum treatment. However, the equipments if not used properly by nurses can lead to litigation issues in court. Some equipment usually stores the patient’s data and information, which should be confidential and private (Kim, Kim, & Lee, 2010). If a nurse forgets to store those data or information correctly can make other people access them and make them go public. This will result in a breach of patient privacy thus making the nurse liable for his/her action. According to Guido (2013), nurses need to be very vigilant while executing their duties to a void breach of ethical issues related to patient care. Advanced specialised care can make a nurse become liable for some of the action she/he takes the care. For example, when a nurse offers care that are beyond his/her scope as well as using equipments that he/she is not well oriented with can lead with, can lead to maim or permanent death. The nurse will be accountable for the action and risk being jailed. To promote quality health care amidst technological advances, a nurse should always be a Brest with the latest technology in use. The nurse should know its merits and demerits as well as attending a seminar to be taught on how to use the machine without infringing the patient’s rights. The nurse should read all the instructions and cautions before using a machine. In addition, nurses should work within their scope of work on what he/she was trained at, and document all the actions done while offering the service (Weinstein, 2009). If these are adhered to then nurses will utilise technology and avert litigations (Guido,

Family life education - stepfamily Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family life education - stepfamily - Assignment Example During the workshop, fliers come into play as handouts present a summary of the information to participants. In addition, visual aids employed assist the teaching process. Exercises and demonstrations allow the participants of the program to rehearse some techniques taught in the program on how members of the stepfamily ought to treat each other. The workshop’s lesson plan involves an introduction to the step family structure. Following the introduction, the program outlines challenges facing the system of blended families and offers various solutions. In addition, the workshop highlights various ways of enhancing peace and growth of a blended family. The inspiration of this program is the various problems facing stepfamilies and the need to assist such families within the community. The program’s conclusion comes after a day of analyzing the various problems facing stepfamilies. The program hopes to see such family members interact and get a platform to share their views openly. In addition, it targets to equip them with skill to co-exist together and most importantly adapt to the new family setting. With patience, respect and love, members of stepfamilies ought not to live in trouble. Instead, the family experiences love, peace and all members grow equally close. This only happens if each member gets to voice his or her issues without facing judgment. A family is a social unit that aggregates people related to each other through blood, marriage and or adoption. Family systems are diverse due to the different compositions of family units in today’s society. Among these systems exists the stepfamily setting. A stepfamily is a unit of related people whereby either one or both the adults in the new marriage or relationship brings into the family their children from a former relationship. (Gina, Jeanne & Lawrence, 2013) A simple stepfamily only involves one member of the couple having pre-existing children. However, according to Papernow,

History of Politics in Iraq and Iran

History of Politics in Iraq and Iran Iran – Iraq Comparative Political Essay Modern History of Iraq â€Å"The country of Iraq, officially named the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert. Iraq shares borders with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south, Jordan to the west, Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, and Iran to the east. With a 35-mile coastline on the Persian Gulf and two major rivers -the Tigris and the Euphrates- Iraq contains agriculturally proficient land. Iraqs history is long and rich, dating back to ancient Mesopotamia, identified by some historians as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing. Throughout its long history, Iraq has served as the capital of the Babylonian empire, and as a province of the Mongol, Ottoman empires and, finally, the British empire which effectively birthed the modern Republic of Iraq. The British are largely credited with the creation of the modern state of Iraq, and had a vested interest in the region as soon as oil was discovered there. Indeed, as the British Petroleum Company (PLC) began production on the Iranian side of the gulf, the British became encouraged by indications that oil was also nearby in what was soon to be Iraq. The British, whose political and economic interests in the Persian Gulf and the Tigris-Euphrates region had progressively grown since the late 18th century, ultimately brought an end to the Ottoman presence in Iraq following the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. The treaty, which followed the British army’s march on Baghdad, led to the replacement of the Ottoman provincial government in occupied Iraq by the British. As a result, Turkey, the successor to the Ottoman Empire, effectively gave up all claims to its former Arab provinces including Iraq. Subsequently, Great Britain succeeded in merging the three provinces of Mosul, Baghdad, an d Al-Barah into one political entity, forging a new nation out of the heterogeneous religious and ethnic entities there. However, anti-imperialist sentiment and Iraqi nationalism grew over the next decade, which, coupled with British frustrations at home, caused Iraq to finally emerge as an independent political entity in 1932. On October 3, 1932, Iraq was admitted to the League of Nations as an independent state. (Metz, 1998) Decades later in 1976, as Saddam Hussein was officially handed power after forcing al-Bakr to step down, he became eager to take advantage of Irans weakened military and what he saw as revolutionary chaos across the border. Specifically, Saddam’s goal was to occupy Irans adjacent oil-rich province of Khuzestan while undermining Iranian Islamic revolutionary attempts to incite the Shia majority of his country. (Algar, 2008) This led to the beginning of Saddam’s tyrannical rule. Shortly after his Ba’athist power grab, Saddam executed several top members of his party under claims of espionage in what would be a foreshadowing of his dominant, Machiavellian person al rule of Iraq for decades to come. Regime Transition in Iraq Ever since seizing power in 1979, Saddam Hussein presented himself as a secular modernizer, a social revolutionary who loosely followed the Egyptian model of Gamal Nasser, the second president of Egypt. To the alarm of Islamic fundamentalists (especially his Iranian counterparts) Hussein’s government conferred women with open freedoms, offering females high-level government and industry jobs. Saddam also created a Western-style legal system, making Iraq the only country in the Persian Gulf region that was not ruled according to Sharia law, even going as far as abolishing the Sharia courts within Iraq. His secularism, masked by a nominal commitment to Sunni Islam, allowed him to engage in bellicosity towards his Muslim neighbors without the encumbrance of religious commitment. This lack of religious loyalty was displayed in the summer of 1990, when Saddam led Iraq’s forces into the Muslim nation of Kuwait, a nation whose population itself is 70% Sunni (CIA, 2008). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was soon expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwaits liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to destroy all weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and long-range missiles while allowing open-ended UN verification inspections. Over the next 12 years after the US-led invasion of Iraq, Saddam Hussein continually encumbered the inspection process of the UN and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Many on both sides of the partisan divide in the US took his obfuscation to be a clear sign of guilt, believing that Saddam had rebuilt, restored and advanced Iraq’s WMD arsenal over the decade since the first Gulf War. Hence, following the attacks of 9/11, which conferred the Bush Administration with the political ammunition to engage its Middle Eastern enemies, (Benedetto, 2001) the United States led a divided coalition into Iraq in March of 2003 against the wishes of the UN. The world now knows that the intelligence which sent the United States to war with the sovereign nation of Iraq was in the words of the official Presidential Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction ‘dead wrong.’(CNN, 2006) In one report, the intelligence warning read, ‘Intelligence indicates that the Iraqi military are able to deploy chemical or biological weapons within forty-five minutes of an order to do so.’ (The Independent, 2003) It is now known that this and other like intelligence was politicized and augmented, serving as the means to fulfill a seemingly necessary political end.9 The end, in the case of Iraq, was a full-scale US invasion in March of 2003 that led to the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and was followed by mass chaos, violence and predation throughout the country. The use of force can be legal under international law if it is authorized by the United Nations Securit y Council (UNSC). Article 39 of the United Nation’s charter confirms that hard power may be used when the UNSC determines ‘the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression.’ However, Security Council Resolution 1441, passed in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, held that disarmament of Iraq should be done only through multilateral, international pressure via the work of United Nations inspectors, not by military force (Hartung Donnelley, 2003). Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov echoed the feelings of the United Nations when he insisted, ‘Iraq does not need democracy brought on the wings of Tomahawks [cruise missiles].’ (Weir, 2003) President Putin himself predicted that the U.S.-led war in Iraq threatened to destabilize the entire Middle East and spill into the territory of the former Soviet Union, asserting, ‘The war against Iraq is fraught with unpredictable consequences, including increased Muslim extremism.’ (IBID.) Unfortunately but undeniably, the prognostications of the Russian leaders turned out to be true, as the aftermath of the US invasion has appeared more Hobbesian than democratic. However, there have been politically salubrious (albeit evanescent) events in Iraq’s regime transition away from personal, authoritarian rule towards democracy. On January 30th, 2005 an estimated eight million people voted in elections for a Transitional National Assembly where the Shi’a United Iraqi Alliance won a majority of assembly seats with the Kurdish parties coming in second. The transition to a stable democracy did not immediately follow the historic elections however, as 114 people were killed by a massive car bomb in southern Baghdad less than a month later (the worst single incident since the US-led invasion.) as well as numerous other suicide bombings (AP, 2008). Later that year, voters approved a new constitution which aimed to create an Islamic federal democracy while also voting for the first full-term government and parliament since the US-led invasion. After years of violence and failure by the Iraqi government to secure political, social or ethnic stability, the Parliament passed legislation allowing former officials from SaddamAfter years of violence and failure by the Iraqi government to secure political, social or ethnic stability, the Parliament passed legislation allowing former officials from Saddam Iran Known as Persia until 1935, Iran (meaning ‘the land of the Aryans’) is a relatively large country enjoying a strategic position in the Persian Gulf. It is larger than Alaska and slightly smaller in size than France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom combined. Most of the terrain is a plateau consisting of mountains and desert, with a continental climate marked by scarce precipitation and extreme temperature differences between summer and winter. These factors have made much of the country inhospitable to agriculture and have resulted in a rather skewed demographic distribution. As in much of Asia, the maintenance and control of irrigation infrastructure have been politically important throughout the country’s history. The most important resources are petroleum, natural gas, and mineral deposits. Iran is the second largest oil exporter within OPEC and the fourth largest oil producer in the world. Its proven oil reserves (estimated to be over 94 billion barrels , or 10 percent of the world total) are concentrated along the southern coast (Persian Gulf) and in the Caspian Sea in the north, both of which are areas of geopolitical rivalry and instability. Iran also possesses 15 percent of the world’s proven natural gas reserves, which places it second in the world after Russia. Bordering eight different countries from Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and the Caucasus, it has ongoing territorial disputes with Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, and neighbors in the Caspian basin. In 2003, Iran ranked 19 (out of 231 countries) in terms of its gross domestic product. Iran is a lower-middle-income country that has the world’s seventeenth largest population (over 67 million people). Close to 70 percent of the country’s population live in less than 30 percent of the land, concentrated in the north and northwest of the country and such major cities as Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz, Shiraz, Karaj, Ahvaz, and Qom. Much of the country is rural and historically had an important nomadic pastoral component that came under state pressure to take up settled agriculture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The population is 89 percent Shiite Muslim, another 10 percent are Sunni Muslims, and the remainder (1 percent) are Christians, Baha’is, Jews, and Zoroastrians. Persian (or Farsi, as the Iranians refer to it) is the official and predominant language. There are more than a dozen different ethnic minorities in Iran, including Turkic-speaking Azeris in the north, Gilaki and Mazandaranis in the north, Kurds in the northw est (part of a transnational Kurdish zone that cuts across Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria and sustains an independence movement that all these states have tried to suppress), Balochis in the southeast, and Arabs along the southwest coast. In this patchwork of identities, it is important to note that the cleavages of ethnicity, language, and religion often cut across one another rather than overlap. Brief Political History Iran, a country with a history spanning over three millennia, has one of the richest artistic, literary, and scholarly lineages of the Middle East. This tradition is due to the accumulated contributions of Persia’s gifted craftsman, gnostic and hedonist poets, and learned men of philosophy, science, and religion. The country’s rather complex political culture and sense of self-identity is heavily influenced by (a) a pre-Islamic notion of Iranian identity centered on nationalism, (b) intellectual loans acquired in the course of encounter with Western modernity, and (c) attachment to the minority branch of Islam known as Shiism. Each of these currents has served as a breeding ground for the formation of different types of political sentiments ranging from anti-Arab Iranian nationalism to secular humanism and finally radical Shiism. The Shiite/Sunni split occurred soon after the advent of Islam, over the question of who was eligible to succeed Prophet Muhammad (d. 632) as the new caliph (loosely analogous to the Catholic papacy). Shiites (now some 15 percent of Muslims worldwide) believe that legitimate rulership of the entire Islamic community could descend only through the heirs of the Prophet Muhammad. They regard other early leaders, whom Sunnis revere, as usurpers. A resistance centered on the legitimate line of ‘imams’ lasted for several generations, until the last imam mysteriously disappeared in the year 874. Since then, Shiites have held on to a messianic belief that the ‘hidden imam’ will return at the end of time and restore a just order. Shiite political thinkers historically have held, based on these doctrines, that in the interim all secular authority is ultimately illegitimate. Compared to Sunni Islam, Shiism has thus remained more critical of monarchs and less fully reconciled with political order for its own sake. At best, the Shiite clergy extended a provisional legitimacy to rulers who let Islamic institutions flourish unmolested. The clergy itself came to stand in collectively for the hidden imam, in his absence. Over the centuries, they functioned as the conscience of the Shiite community and thus occupied a role similar to that of the Christian priesthood in premodern Europe, or the Confucian mandarins in premodern China. Certain distinct features of church-state relations bear noting, however. Compared to the Confucian mandarins, the Shiite clerics were far more hostile to power holders and enjoyed more independence. Their religious functions were separate from the state and usually unaffected by it. They also enjoyed a strong institutional base. They were self-organized, in informal hierarchies that rested only on the esteem in which religious scho lars held one another. They also had a secure income from the voluntary religious taxes paid by the believers as well as mosques and charitable endowments that were inviolable under Islamic law. Compared to the Christian priests, Shiite clerics often refused to make peace with secular authorities based on a dividing line between church and state. Islamic doctrine has held that religion and politics flow into one another, as aspects of a comprehensive Islamic society. Rulership by monarchs other than the hidden imam was always viewed, therefore, as an unnatural condition—even if inevitable for the time being. The Shiite clergy’s withdrawal from political life before modern times reflected a desire to be untainted by the prevailing injustice, not a sense that some spheres of life lay outside the scope of religion. Hence, the church-state relationship has always been problematic.† References (2015). Retrieved 3 May 2015, from (2015). Retrieved 3 May 2015, from http://cis.uchicago.edu/sites/cis.uchicago.edu/files/resources/CIS-081206-iraqiran_SimilaritiesandDifferencesIraqIranAnswerKey.pdf (2015). Retrieved 3 May 2015, from http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap05_comp_govpol_iran_42251.pdf Indexmundi.com,. (2015). Iran vs. Iraq Country Comparison. Retrieved 3 May 2015, from http://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/iran.iraq

Investigating the Effect of Resistance on a Capacitor Circuit :: Papers

Investigating the Effect of Resistance on a Capacitor Circuit Method: We will set up the following circuit. We will measure the capacitor pd. (Vc) with the cell connected. Then we will remove the cell and connect point A to point B, at the same moment starting a stopwatch. We will record the length of time (t) for the Vc to decay to 3.75 Volts. We intend to repeat this procedure using different resistors. [IMAGE] Resistance (kW) Time (s) 33 33 68 72 100 97 150 153 330 320 680 584 Conclusion: From the graph we can clearly see that the time taken for the capacitor to discharge is directly proportional to the resistance. This is because the graph shows a definite straight line going through or near most of the points. This means that the higher resistor you use the longer it will take for the capacitor to discharge. The experiment has therefore proved the prediction correct i.e. the resistance should be directly proportionate to the time taken for the capacitor to de-charge. This can be explained by the following: Capacitors store electrical charge. When current is passing through the circuit the capacitor charges up as the current can't jump between the gap of the two plates but charge is held there because of the force of the opposite poles. This means that more and more electricity is stored until it reaches its full capacity. But when the circuit is broken the capacitor de-charges releasing electricity through the circuit. The resistor slows down the current causing 'congestion' and means that the capacitor has to de-charge slower because only a limited amount of charge can travel through a circuit with a high resistance at any one given time. Evaluation: The method was a good way of carrying out the experiment as it was quite easy to conduct once the circuit was connected, the results seem

An Analysis of Saigon Morin Hotel in Hue City Thorough 7ps in Marketing Strategies

TITLE An analysis of Saigon Morin Hotel in Hue city thorough 7Ps in marketing strategies INTRODUCTION The ability to market a hotel in the appropriate way to the appropriate market is essential to the success of the business. For this to succeed, those in key roles need to understand the product that they are selling and the market to which it is being sold. Managers maximize their returns through understanding the market they are operating in and applying those marketing techniques that can best attract guests. Hotels are a service industry. Hotel products have the following characteristics: inseparability, intangibility, perishability, and variability. As society has changed, with people having more disposable income and more free time, there has been a growing awareness and desire by a greater number of people for service-orientated products such as hotels. Along with this growth, understanding is needed for the products that are being marketed. Since the early 1960s many marketers have been using the â€Å"4Ps† marketing mix: (1) product, (2) price, (3) promotion, (4) place. Consideration is given to the change that would result from varying the product, price, promotion, and place in achievement of the organization goals. However, use of the 4Ps is limiting when considering a service orientated business such as a hotel as it does not adequately reflect the complexity of the product. In response to the limitations of the 4Ps marketing mix, Booms and Bitner (1981) proposed a 7P marketing mix. These 7Ps included the 4Ps, adding People, Process, and Physical evidence. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Marketing mix plays an important role in enhancing business efficiency of enterprises. Nowadays, it does apply to not only the material products but also the services, lodging service for example. The marketing mix has affected dramatically customer satisfaction, cutting edge of competitiveness of service enterprises†¦ Saigon Morin Hotel is well-known as the leading hotel in Hue. However, it has been strived to overcome threats coming from the market. Above all, they are faced to the new potential competitors, such as Celadon Hotel, La Resident Hotel, Hue Green Hotel, etc†¦ PURPOSE In order to enhance the business efficiency of Saigon Morin Hotel, the study was carried out on the efforts putting the marketing mix into practice from the customer viewpoints, from which solutions was made to improve the marketing mix for the hotel businesses. The aim of my research is to assess the implementation of marketing-mix product stay at Hotel Saigon Morin, which focused analysis of state marketing-mix elements of the hotel, identifying constraint. The purpose is to propose solutions to improve marketing-mix policies contribute to resolving the issues. METHODOLOGY Research of my topic will require the collection of many statistically figures and hard data. For this reason, I will collect a good part of the data from online sources and files. The theoretical framework is based on â€Å"Principles & Practice of Marketing† book by Jim Blythe. This framework illustrated the outline of marketing planning process for service organizations. However, the phase of formulating marketing objectives and strategies will be focused. When researching the Saigon Morin Hotel, I will depend highly on files and documentation of statistical figures as well as my ability to collect information from managers and employees via the interview process. A good part of my research period will be spent in Hue city interviewing Saigon Morin Hotel customers and non Saigon Morin Hotel consumers alike to gain differing perspectives on the hotel industry. Interviews will be conducted with the help of my uncle who is currently working for Saigon Morin Hotel. I plan to spend time in this hotel interviewing customers and employees of the hotel to understand how this hotel has personally affected the people. Furthermore, I plan to spend a brief period in this hotel interviewing the Sales and Marketing manager in order to understand how the people at base of this hotel industry have been impacted by the global expansion of this hotel. Lastly, observational skills will be essential in all stages of my research in order to gain a first-hand perspective of the role that 7Ps plays in the success of the hotels and analyze how 7Ps affected in the operation of this hotel industry. LIMITATIONS This research has numerous restrictions that must be taken into account for including: a short time frame, my level of experience, my skills in research methods, language barrier. I remain optimistic that all the limitations foreseen can be overcome. DESCRIPTION OF THE HOTEL Built in 1901 by French, the Morin Hotel is one of the oldest hotels in Vietnam. Survived through many wars, this is more than a hotel. It is a part of the history of Hue city in the last 100 years. Now lovingly restored to its century-old glory, Saigon Morin is once ready to live up to its reputation as the choice of celebrities, intrepid adventures and businessmen. The Hotel offers everything a discerning traveler would expect form a world class hotel without sacrificing the old world charm that made the Morin Hotel legendary. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION According to the statistics, customers staying in Saigon Morin Hotel stated that 88% people are willing to recommend this hotel to others. What is more, the level of this hotel among 123 people is listed below: Excellent: 52 people Very good: 45 people Average: 15 people Poor: 7 people Terrible: 3 people Ms. Phika from UK said â€Å"Great Hotel in Hue. We stayed in a deluxe river view room. There are marble floors in the hall and bath, the rest is hardwood and it is creaky†¦ no sneaking quietly to the bath at night. The room was bright, the lighting good with one window wall with a view of the Perfume River. The plumbing is very modern and cool. The king size bed is comfortable and elegant looking when you arrive. The pillows to sleep on were huge and gave neck pain the next day, so I ended up sleeping on a smaller decorator pillow. The staffs are very helpful and kind. The included buffet breakfast has a good selection and lunch is good at $9 U. S. for pizza/soup or sandwich. The fitness area really needs a better lay out! Right now the bathrooms are in the restaurant, the equipment in an open area and a shower outside with a curtain. You would have to dry off and dress in the shower. Other than that, it is a wonderful five star hotel and we certainly would use it again. † Ms. Susan Skate from Florida, America said: â€Å"Loved this hotel! I've been all over the world on business, and I've rarely had a bigger or more beautiful room, complete with lovely seating area with French doors opening onto a balcony that overlooked the riverfront street below. Staff was friendly, food excellent and the halls were lined with vintage photos of the colonial days of Hue, perhaps Vietnam's most beautiful city. If you're here on business, internet connections were good, though allow time to see this fabulous city! † RESEARCH RESULTS 1. Characteristics of the hotel guests source Customers primarily Saigon Morin Hotel is the tourists that require high quality good service and high affordability. Situation of customers and fluctuations target market of the hotel were studied through data in the period 2002-2004. Market primarily Saigon Morin Hotel is international guests. International visitors in 2002 accounting for 94. 6% of total visitors in 2004 accounting for 92. 7%. Particularly in 2003, the proportion of international visitors was reduced to 86. 5% due to the impact of the Sars epidemic. Most come from France, America and Japan. Total number of visitors from these three markets account for more than 50% of international tourists and visitors from other sources in this market also tends to increase over the years in the period. Based on these statistics, the project has identified target market is the French market customers. Two very large market potential for hotel focus is directed to the American market customers and customer markets in Japan. 2. Fluctuation on the number of guests to the hotel – the seasonal Observation chart shows the fluctuations of the number of visitors over the months in 2002 and 2004, we easily recognize the seasonal computer products stay in the hotel's Saigon Morin. High season welcoming guests of the hotel is between October and March next year. At this season, booking a large volume, while the capacity of the hotel reception is limited, therefore, the planning reception guests are considered the most important work. In the summer, although the peak season for domestic tourists but Saigon Morin Hotel start season away customers because the weather is too hot at this time – type the harsh summer climate is not suitable for travel habits calendar of most tourist Europe, America. Review the implementation of marketing-mix elements of the hotel Topics conducted evaluating the implementation of marketing-mix elements based on the reviews of customers about the marketing policies of the hotel. Likert scale used to measure customer perception of marketing policy of the hotel. Assessment of clients felt made based on statistical frequency and point average (see table 1) Group 1: Average Scores on the satisfaction of customers with Product stay hotel |The criteria |Mean frequencies and statistics | | |n |Mean |Standard Deviation | |1 – Product Policy | | | | |Trademarks |125 |4. 7 |0. 96 | |Professional |125 |4. 09 |0. 74 | |Enthusiasm |125 |4. 22 |1. 28 | |Advantage position |125 |4. 46 |0. 85 | |Beautiful scenery |125 |4. 45 |1. 84 | |Comfort level |125 |4. 01 |1. 2 | |Sanitation |125 |3. 91 |1. 56 | |Safety |125 |4. 18 |0. 71 | |Food supplements |125 |3. 40 |1. 93 | |2 – Price Policy | | | | |Calculated satisfactorily |125 |3. 5 |0. 53 | |Competitive |125 |3. 72 |0. 98 | |Flexibility |125 |3. 27 |0. 64 | |Information for visitors |125 |3. 36 |0. 1 | |3 – Distribution Policy | | | | |Communication Arts |125 |3. 97 |1. 13 | |Identify and meet needs |125 |4. 10 |1. 28 | |Practices professional welcome guests |125 |3. 90 |0. 94 | | Gadget information |125 |3. 3 |0. 68 | |4 – Promotion Policy | | | | |Methods promote |125 |3. 74 |1. 12 | |Content Information |125 |4. 26 |0. 98 | |Effective |125 |4. 18 |0. 76 | (Source: The total number of sample surveys. Apr point Likert: 5-Very satisfied, 1-Dissatisfied). ? * D? i v? i chinh sach s? n ph? m, di? m trung binh c? a cac tieu chi du? c danh gia kha cao, For policy products, the average score of the criteria are evaluated fairly high, above 4 points. However, the needs of customers around the fact that so very diverse in some criteria are relatively large standard deviations. ? For pricing, the average score in the range from 3 to 4 points and standard deviation of the statistics does not show that most large customers are not really happy with the pricing of the hotel. Considering on the market aspects these results show the status of supply and demand larger customers to accept higher prices. Here, again explained the strategic pricing Skimming price of the hotel. ? For distribution policy, customers were able to evaluate better identify and meet customer needs by staff in the hotel. This is actually a strong point of the hotel because of the ability to identify and meet the needs of customers will stimulate more customer needs a new higher level, more diversified. ? For policy promotion, customers appreciate the content information of the hotel product. With the significant (? 0. 05), the average standard deviation is 4. 26 and 0. 98 has shown the influence of information content of the advertising message to the detailed evaluation of customer policy in promoting the hotel product. 3. Analysis of factors affecting the policy development for the product marketing mix-stay hotel By using the factors selected for study evaluation of marketing polic ies of the hotel as independent variables affect the overall assessment of policy marketing-mix of customers, we use the model feedback Stepwise Regression for the rules selected variables affect the feelings of many customers. With a variable selection criteria for inclusion in the model is the probability of F ? 0. 05 and statistical criteria to make a variable from the model is statistical probability of F ? 0. 10; through the steps of current, Stepwise Regression method of selecting the factors have significant impact felt by customers for each marketing policy of the hotel. Regression models obtained from the specific results of data processing as follows: ? 2. 3. 1 K? t qu? phan tich cac nhan t? ?nh hu? ng d? n chinh sach s? n ph? m c? a khach s? n The analysis of factors affecting the policy of the hotel roduct Four-step implementation, the Stepwise Regression method selected four factors are related linearly to the customers feel about the policies of the enterprise product, the brand, safety, professionalism and advantages the location of hotels. ? The analysis of factors affecting the pricing of the hotel Two steps of implementation, Stepwise Regression method of selecting two factors have a major impact on customer evaluations of the hotel pricing is calculated by the price and adequate information about the ability to price policies hotel customers. The analysis of factors affecting the distribution policy of the hotel Regression Stepwise regression method was chosen two elements are related closely (linear relationship) with detailed reviews of customers about the distribution policy of the hotel is its pure in professional welcome guests Practices and the level of utility system needs to receive bookings for guests. Here are two factors that customers place the greatest concern expressed about the level of satisfaction in marketing distribution policy-mix of the hotel. The analysis of factors affecting the promotion policy of the hotel From the results on the treatment Regression Stepwise regression models, has identified two factors of group policies to promote products is related linearly to detailed reviews of customers about the marketing-mix policies. Thus, if the h otel focuses on content selection to promote an effective way to increase customer reviews a review on the content level of customer satisfaction marketing-mix policies of the hotel will increase 0. 207 points. Similar explanation, we will see the impact of the selection methods to promote products to the effectiveness of marketing-mix policies of the entire company. People refer to the customers, employees, management and everybody else involved in it. It is essential for everyone to realize that the reputation of the brand that you are involved with is in the people's hands. To be able to understand those characteristics it is necessary to comprehend the basic human characteristics of needs, wants, and demands. People, including employees, stakeholders, and guests, are the core component of the hotel industry. A key part of marketing a hotel to the guest requires an understanding of the needs, wants, and demands of the potential and returning guest. ? Needs – human beings have many basic needs including food, clothing, safety, feeling of belonging, and so on. When these basic needs are not met the person takes one of two actions: (1) looks for an object that will satisfy the need, or (2) tries to reduce the need. These are influenced by individual personality and culture. ? Wants – communication of needs – wants are viewed as things that will satisfy needs. Demands – buying power of wants – people have many wants, but may only have limited ability to purchase; when a person has the ability to purchase a want it becomes a demand. The decision to purchase a hotel product normally begins with a need and is affected by some type of stimuli, for example a television commercial, a newspaper advertisement, or the Internet. In many situations the development of a need is a subtle process. Although it may be observed that some people suddenly express that they need something, often this is the outward expression of a developing inner feeling of need. Training has to be on a wide perspective as, even nowadays, there is a big demand of basic training skills, the hotel industry will need, in the near future, a big number of well-trained staff at all levels of the structure, from top management to basic staff like waiters, etc. It refers to the methods and process of providing a service and is hence essential to have a thorough knowledge on whether the services are helpful to the customers, if they are provided in time, if the customers are informed in hand about the services and many such things. The development of needs in the consumer is a major component of marketing success. In the selection process, customers make repeated decisions as they continually attempt to satisfy their perceived needs. Potential customers looking for a hotel room make a number of decisions when choosing where to stay. The process that they go through in the selection of a product is important for hotel management to understand. Management should know (1) that a particular hotel will be evaluated differently by different guests, (2) where a particular guest is satisfied with one hotel that they may be dissatisfied with another, and (3) the perceptions of guests change over time and with experience. The decision process by potential guests is a complex process. All consumers are the same, they are influenced by numerous factors such as personality, culture and so on. When their needs are put into a condition where they can be communicated they then become wants. There are the things that a person perceives as having the power to satisfy their needs. This is the beginning of the search process, and the selection of alternatives that would have the ability to satisfy the needs. Although a consumer may identify many needs and wants, not all of these are converted into a demand for a product. As a result of limited ability to purchase, only a few of the needs and wants may be converted into demands. The ability to purchase relates to the many factors that make up the individual, which include such things as age, income, life experience, gender, previous purchase experiences, etc. An important part of the marketing process is therefore to understand those characteristics that make us individuals and to try to recognize this in such a way that there is a large enough market to successfully target. This process is called market segmentation. To adapt all organizational processes, public and private, in order to become highly competitive in the markets. 4. Other problems exist in the policy-mix Marketing By studying the status of development and implementation of policies for marketing mix products stay hotel, the project has discovered a number of problems exist as follows: First, the policy of the hotel product still matters inadequacies, not bring high satisfaction to customers. The most noteworthy point is the system of complementary products of the hotel also monotonous and lack of tourists has found that demand true. Second factor in the pricing information of the product has not stay just lack sufficient flexibility has become a problem hindering attraction of the hotel guests. Thirdly, marketing plan of Saigon Morin Hotel was a matter of professionalism in the process of distributing products to the market (actually done work and selling) of the hotel still many problems to overcome. Finally, the existence of the work is to promote and advertise products. Besides the way of marketing effectiveness, creating a good impression to customers, policies to promote products of the hotel is still a gap between supply and demand. 5. The solutions to improve the policy mix in Marketing-Hotel Saigon Morin †¢ A good quality service when it meets the needs and expectations of customers. Therefore, the policy development products, hotels have researched the ability to match the product to market, especially the target market. †¢ For high culture and art of receiving and processing feedback from customers. Upon receiving the feedback from customers, the receiving departments must explain how, skillfully handled in the shortest time. †¢ Hotels have agreed a methodology than science products, has had to rely on the specific objectives of the hotel as input costs, power use prevention and plans for sales but also to based on factors beyond the control of seasonal businesses such as computer, the competition in the market. †¢ In reality, there are some guests are not as profitable but higher for hotels large effect in promoting the image and enhance the prestige of the hotel. In this case, the hotel should not be too focused on sales targets which must seize the opportunity to perform activities public relations (PR – Publish Relation). †¢ Hotels must continue to improve the system of distribution channels. Special consideration must be to develop more representative offices in the domestic market and a source of major customers such as Japan, America, Germany †¦ †¢ Activities to promote, promote products must consider two issues mainly the content and methods to promote products. Depending on the object receiving the broadcast messages must be designed to match and bring the most effective. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The hotel industry is highly competitive and the right knowledge about customer values and demands is essential to differentiate from competitors and gain sustainable competitive advantage. Implementing traditional marketing strategies is often no longer enough to achieve this goal. Relationship marketing has increasingly become more important, as this concept suggests more focus on retaining the customer and creating a win- win situation with a long- term perspective. In traditional marketing there is more focus on acquisition. Most importantly a good balance between acquisition and retention directed to the right segments is essential for future success. Marketing-mix of the overall effort of the business, it is not just built for a tangible product, but also often made for products and services such as product staying. Elements of the marketing-mix is as extremely important role in directing the business operations of the hotel stay and raise the competitiveness of the hotel market. Study of components marketing-mix policies of the Saigon Morin Hotel, we found that, besides the outstanding marketing can be effective for products of the hotel, there are still some problems exist as a system of complementary products also monotonous, lack of product has its own characteristics and meet the demands of the customer (product), pricing policy of the hotel still lacks flexibility, the valuation information to customers lack sufficient (Price), the procedure has not reached professional levels of expertise (distribution) and methods to promote the product not really effective, it is still a gap between supply and demand (Promotion). This reality requires the hotel to soon have the marketing policy adjustment in order to comply with the requirements of the market in the near future. Nh? ng v? n  d? du? c nghien c? u va trinh bay trong d? tai nghien c? u nay s? khong danh gia h? t t? t c? nh? ng n? l? marketing ma khach s? n dang theo du? i, cung nhu nh? ng gi? i phap d ? xu? t khong ph? i la hoan toan uThese problems are studied and presented in this research project will evaluate all the marketing efforts being pursued by the hotel, as well as proposed solutions are not entirely advantages Vietnamese. These elements are the marketing-mix tools, the specific objectives to help the hotel achieve common goals and strategic long-term, thereby, creating sustainable growth in the market. OUTLINE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Research Limitations 4. Description of the hotel 5. Customer satisfaction 6. Research Results 7. Conclusion and Recommendation

Veja Case Study Summary Essay Example

Veja Case Study Summary Essay Example Veja Case Study Summary Essay Veja Case Study Summary Essay Case Study Assignment Newman was negligent in his actions on the road when he swerved into oncoming traffic. Julie Mycology is simply looking for compensation for her injuries. The fact that Newman is not a full time employee and only works when he sees fit makes him an independent contractor that you pay for his services. Because he is an independent contractor, you could argue that independent contractors have liability, and this could possibly help you defend your company against the lawsuit. Elaine starting her own business and the use of the old, used tock is an issue because you cannot get out of or reconstruct your contract at this time. Due to the fact that you both are merchants and abide to the USC, you are not allowed to change the terms of your agreement. This was Just a bad decision on your part. George not knowing the arrangement between the company and Elaine is not an issue. You two are not at fault for not informing George because he does not hold a position in the corporate office, therefore has no say in what business decisions are made. He will possibly try to sue for this arrangement arguing that he is the majority hardheaded because of this, George can sue under Shareholders Derivative Suit, which means, that since he is a shareholder, he has the right to sue if the company Is doing something unethical. In this case, George will lose the case because although this arrangement with Elaine wasnt smart, it wasnt unethical either. If Elaine sells her shares to George, there is a possibility of him voting you out of your position as President. In the Articles of Incorporation, it states that there are preemptive purchasing rights on any stocks being sold by any shareholder.

College athletics essay

College athletics essay Academic performance of college athletes is dropping at an alarming rate. In fact, surveys from most universities that offer athletics scholarship have found that both female and male counterparts are guilty of either intentionally underperforming or ignoring basic concepts that would improve their grades.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on College athletics essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has raised debate among theorists as well as teachers. It is quite disappointing that students secure admissions in top colleges like Ohio, Michigan and North Carolina, among others, yet they put little effort to reflect their admission into these institutions. Some of the questions that have risen due to these happenings include considerations on whether students should be paid for their services as athletes or be given ultimatums on goals to be reached academically in order to continue with scholarship. Moreover, questio ns have been raised on whether the program has been successful in achieving objectives of college or university education. Several theorists have come up with ideas of the best course to be taken with some suggesting elimination of the program in favor of intellectual and service (altruistic) education. In essence, college athletics has failed to achieve some of its major goals, in the process, prompting a review on its course. Consequently, college athletics should be eliminated in favor of intellectual and service education. This paper will explore college athletics, its achievements and reasons why it has failed to achieve its full potentials (Glenn 656-677). College Athletics Sport is an integral part of college education. This is mainly because it produces some of the best athletes in the world. This starts at the lower levels of education like high schools and junior schools. These talents need nurturing in every step of the child. It is in this sense that college and universi ties offer scholarships to talented athletes in order to continue with development of their talents. Colleges and universities undergo extensive selection processes to determine possible candidates for scholarship. In fact, they end up giving scholarships to best of the best. In their consideration, education and academic achievements in high schools becomes paramount. However, after admission, it is quite disappointing that a good number of students underachieve, when it comes to academics. In fact, even students known to perform well in exams are seen to flop with time. To make matters worse, they are also more likely to cause disturbances in universities/colleges than the rest of students. This is quite astonishing given the fact that these scholarships can be revoked, yet for some reasons they are rarely threatened (Glenn 656-677).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, lobbyists are working on plans to integrate pay for these athletes. This has also raised concerns and is believed to cause jitters in academic forums as universities stand less chance of affording these lump sum pays. In essence, the process is losing its initial taste and meaning. Cartoons that have been designed are mainly aimed at stressing these facts. For instance, cartoon below stresses the fact that athletes are overworked without pay. This is highly hysterical given that colleges and universities are centers for development and not career centers for athletes. College athletics is therefore full of debates that will take decades, if not centuries to resolve (Branch 1). Cartoon The following cartoon emphasizes the need for reforms at NCAA (National Collegiate Athletes Association). It claims that rewards given to athletes through scholarships and allowances, among others, do not constitute a good fraction of what they bring to the institutions annually. In essence, they believe that NCAA infringe on athletes’ right to payment of their performances. This has raised issues with lobbyists trying to cut out a deal for players. On the other hand, universities are finding it difficult to explain their roles in development of athletes with respect to education. It has been found that most universities rely too much on athleticism of prospective students than their academic ability. This raises concerns on the rational of such universities. The cartoons cries foul on NCAA and universities, which receive lump sum of money in deals and endorsement from companies while they get nothing (Ruby 1). Fig. 1. Cartoon.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on College athletics essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source: doninmass.com Considering students for pay due to their deals and endorsements is a very sensitive matter. This is because there are other students in those colleges who strive to excel in academics. Rewarding students for sporting activities would discourage other students from taking the right initiatives. Moreover, it would lead to inequality, which already exists due to preference of athletes to others. It is important to note that other disciplines have increasingly been neglected for sports. This is mainly because of the revenue sports generate in schools. To this point, another question arises on whether focus should be place on revenue generated by sports or on developing talents and academic qualifications. Generally, universities are found to be inclined on one side. This makes it difficult to predict the future of such Universities and colleges in terms of academic viability. This is mainly attributed to their emphasis on athletics, which compromises on the universities’ mission and objectives of achieving excellence in academics for betterment of society (Glenn 656-677). Is college athletics a rational focus for college or uni versity? From the discussion above, it is necessary to establish the rational focus of colleges or universities. For instance, there is reason beyond doubt that universities and colleges receive huge lump sums from sports. This can be attested to in the case study by Penn State University, which is said to have earned over 96.1 million dollars in revenue from sports. It has also been established that universities tend to favor athletes when it comes to national selection. Another point of concern is the fact that some colleges have been found guilty of giving students illegal payments, which makes them better than the rest. Other evidences that have been raised include the fact that athletes tend to flop in academic results as they progress. This may be attributed to amount of time they actually put into books, although it is increasingly agreeable that they neglect studies. Another issue of great concern is the discipline associated with athletes. Surveys in universities and colleg es have shown that higher levels of indiscipline in athletes as compared to other students. Moreover, they gain opportunities in their choice of courses more easily than the rest of students. Going by the evidence shown, Colleges and universities are paying more attention to sports than other academic programs, which are more central to its achievement of objectives than athletics.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is affecting progress of such universities with issues of corruption taking center stage. Clearly, a step towards this direction is misleading and irrational. In essence, athletics is not a rational focus for universities or colleges (Adler 401-417). Why should not higher education eliminate athletic programs in favor of intellectual and service (altruistic) education? As has been shown above, athletics generates revenues to universities or colleges. This has influenced their inclination towards sports. University selections are marred by scrambles for athletes rather than academic prospects. In fact, even though NCAA has introduced tough measures on academic achievements of such students, it remains to be seen what actions universities take to follow them. Several pointers to negligence by athletes have been cited as the reason for underperforming, although some theorists argue that this is due to limited time they have with books. Several suggestions have been brought forward to help improve this situation. They include possibility of extending athletes’ course by two years, introducing degree courses in various categories of sports and rewarding them for their contribution in revenues, among others. Clearly, the world sees fault in the current system. Consequently, it would be wise if education systems eliminate athletics programs in favor of intellectual and altruistic education (Infante 1). Conclusion College athletics has brought about a series of debates on its viability concerning college or university objectives. However, both parties concur that steps should be made to improve impact of college athletics. For instance, it has been noted that athletes perform poorly as compared to other students. Moreover, their focus is usually not in education, instead it is in their professional progress in athletics. This has raised concern as to the future of academics in these institutions. Moreover, renewed debate on rewarding athletes is highly lik ely to demise importance of academics among students. Clearly, education systems should eliminate athletics programs in favor of intellectual and altruistic education. In essence, reforms are required in this sector in order to redefine its objectives (Bragley 1). Adler, Patricia. â€Å"Intense Loyalty in Organizations: A Case Study of College Athletics.† Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1988), pp. 401-417. Bragley, Pat. â€Å"College Athletics Cartoon / September 7, 2011†. doninmass.com. DIM, 2011. Web. Branch, Taylor. â€Å"The Shame of College Sports†. theatlantic.com. The Atlantic, 2011. Web. Glenn, Cheryl. Making Sense: A Real-World Rhetorical Reader. New York, NY: Bedford Books, 2010. Print. Infante, John. â€Å"DIII SAAC supports Management Council text messaging proposal†. ncaa.org. NCAA, 2011. Web. Ruby, Patrick. â€Å"Should College Athletes Get Paid? Ending the Debate, Once and for All†. theatlantic.com. The Atlantic, 2 011. Web.

Jack Welch leadership principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jack Welch leadership principles - Assignment Example On the other hand, situation theory assets that leaders makes the best decision depending on the situation on the ground whereby, different leadership may be adopted in different situations. Contingency theory asserts that there is no one style of leadership can suit in all situations because different situation may call for different leadership styles (Cherry, 2013). Trait theory asserts that, to be a leader one should possess some special leadership qualities that can help to influence, inspire and motivate others towards meeting the goals and objectives of an organization (Wolinsiki, 2010). In addition, management theory asserts that a leader should be able to supervise and motivate team members by rewarding them accordingly for better performance. Human relation theory asserts that a leader should be able to inspire and motivate members to see the significance of better outcomes. In above connection, participation theory involves encouraging top, middle and lower level employees to participate in decision making process (Cherry, 2013). Therefore, to be efficient and effective, a leader should possess some special traits. This study will put forth the most recent professional roles that one should possess as a leader and principles considered as strength. The study will further explain the impact of this principle to a leader and how those pri nciples considered as strength relate to aspects of emotional intelligence. Additionally, the study will explain specific steps to be employed in order to boast strengths as well as improve areas of development as a leader. Most recent aspects of my professional leadership role and principles strength The most recent aspects of professional leadership include; formulating plans, acting as representative of the entire organization, integrating individual and organization goals, soliciting support, acting as a guide as well communication role. This means that a leader has a role making plans on what to be done in order to avoid confusion and ensure seamless operations within an organization (Cameron & Green, 2008). Additionally, a leader should formulate policies that act as a guide to his or her followers when implementing organization plans. This may help employees to have emotional preparedness on what they are expected to do. In above connection, a leader has a professional role o f representing departments and entire organization inside and outside the organization. For example, during leadership seminars a leader should represents the entire organization. Leaders should communicate the objectives and the needs of the entire organization to the employees and other corporate entities. As a leader one should play the role of integrating employees’ personal goals towards implementing organization goals. In above connection, a leader should play the role of soliciting employees in lower levels of management to participate in corporate decision making (Cameron & Green, 2008). Additionally, a leader has a role of communicating organization goals to all employees as well as ensuring there is proper flow of information within all relevant departments. In addition, a leader plays a professional role of practicing three main leadership traits namely: sharing employees feeling, listening to their opinions as well as providing them with a

Bmw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Bmw - Essay Example According to the sustainable leadership model, the long term growth could only be attained by the BMW through acquiring a wider perspective beyond the profit making interest of the organization and establishing a strong network between the management and the stakeholders. The constant focus of BMW in supporting the growth of network of its communities has enabled the organization to encourage communication and interchange between the stakeholders of the organization. The sustainable leadership model of BMW could be illustrated with the help of Sustainable leadership pyramid as depicted in Figure 1 as given below (Avery and Bergsteiner, 2011). There are three level of this sustainable leadership model incorporated at BMW. The leadership model includes high quality practices at BMW which are supported by key performance drivers in the organization in order to achieve the ultimate business performance outcome. The management of BMW aims to retain their employees by constantly developing the quality of manpower. The labour relations are also given due importance in the leadership style. This has helped the organization to connect their employees with the goals of the management. The leadership model has emphasized in attaining independence from the financial markets and economic fluctuations. This has helped BMW to withstand economic crisis like the global financial crisis. The company has ensured ethical business performance and has valued the activities of corporate social responsibility. All these activities are undertaken in the leadership style at BMW in order to achieve independence from the financial up and downs in the economy and at the same time integrate the business with the stakeholders and communities in different markets. The key factors in the sustainable leadership style that has driven the business performance at BMW are the initiative of team work, establishing healthy culture in the workplace, retention and