Arthur Miller uses to create dramatic tension in Acts Essay

During â€Å"all my sons†, Miller creates a sense of normality with a undercurrent of unease using several different techniques including: the use of setting, stage directions and dramatic tension between characters. All of course being subsequently keeping the audience enthralled in the play. The plot its self breeds tension, revolving around the two major areas of the family conflict: the disagreement within the family over the pending marriage and at the core of the play, the conflict between father and son. But by definition Drama Plays are by nature about conflict, in the play ‘All My Sons’ (ASM) has two levels a surface gloss of normality and a submerged latent The opening of act 1 paints a scene of leisurely, relaxed life, untouched by the horrors/ deprivation of the recent war (world War II). The whole setting itself has sense of normality and unease which is created by Miller for effect for Act 1 is in an American regular back yard, (this is done so the audience can relate and empathise with the characters and there are a lot more things in the play a lot of the audience can also relate to) its the family back garden which is an open space is half private yet shared with their neighbours â€Å"the back yard of the Keller house in the outskirts of an American town† This creates a very ordinary sense of a families back garden, however there is an undercurrent of unease as â€Å"the stage is hedged from right to left by tall, closely planted poplars which lend the yard a secluded atmosphere†(P. 3) making it seem private and narrow minded almost closed off to rest of world almost as if there hiding from the rest of the world while at same time remaining open to neighbours peering eyes and approach by the open driveway which leads into the backyard. As an example of one of Millers use of techniques to his disposal was the use of stage directions. Throughout the act 1, tension/ unease is created from conflicts between characters, especially between the Keller families. The conflicts between the characters occasionally climax to expose a dramatic secret or revelation, however Tension is often broken with the arrival of a new character. For example after the arrival of Ann during act 1 the argument between mother and Keller is soon interrupted. Using this method, Miller often has short breaks of tension that quickly cease to keep the audience hungry for more, thus maintaining a ‘drip feed’ style of revealing information. 1. Jo Keller relaxes in the sunshine of a quiet Sunday Morning reading his newspaper; it’s a picture of normality. Miller use of conversation style creates a sense of normality by using simple plain words. The conversation is short and uneventful about routine things like the weather. The dialogue is ordinary everyday and slow paced, the conversation casually flits almost aimlessly from the weather to newspaper ads to mentioning arrival of a visitor to a toaster that’s not working and a doctor answers a patients call. The style of conversation is colloquial , recorded as its spoken , without correct grammar . The subject content not great deep meaningful speeches. It’s an average day, all the talk is not about any specific subject, but it gives a general sense that there are no particular problems as neighbours walk into the Keller’s garden on a relaxed August Sunday morning. The stage direction Settings convey immediate familiarity, the opening of Act I paints a scene of a leisurely relaxed cosy family garden, in contrast to the recent horrors of WWII, â€Å"the backyard of the Keller household in the outskirts an American town â€Å", the description of the stage set is realistic homely and safe lifelike and not at all theatrical, but a highly familiar setting for the audience. The family backyard setting is an open space set in ‘ordinaryville’ where neighbours feel comfortable just walking into to start conversations. the ordinariness stage setting is emphasised â€Å"it would have cost fifteen thousand† 2. Joe Keller is sitting in a peaceful sunny suburban garden reading a newspaper as ordinary as regular routine relaxed weekend,(p. 4) as his neighbour Frank casually walks into his garden he asks â€Å"what’s today’s calamity? â€Å". It is telling that Keller replies â€Å"I don’t read the news part any more. its more interesting in the want adds†. I believe that Keller only chose to read the want adverts’ and not any news items because he doesn’t like facing reality or the fact that someone is reporting calamities or about crimes that someone’s done wrong . Keller is hiding a deep guilt 3. the stage direction Settings convey immediate familiarity, the opening of Act I paints a scene of a leisurely relaxed cosy family garden, in contrast to the recent horrors of WWII, â€Å"the backyard of the Keller household in the outskirts an American town â€Å", the description of the stage set is realistic homely and safe lifelike and not at all theatrical, but a highly familiar setting for the audience. The family backyard setting is an open space set in ‘ordinaryville’ where neighbours feel comfortable just walking into to start conversations. the ordinariness stage setting is emphasised â€Å"it would have cost fifteen thousand† .

How Does the Framed Narrative Have an Effect in Ethan Frome? Essay

In the prologue, Wharton sets the frame for the main story. The prologue (and epilogue) take place some twenty years after the events of the main story and are written in the first person. The anonymous Narrator describes his first impressions of Ethan Frome and about how he pieced together the story of Ethan Frome from personal observation and from fragments of the story told to him by townspeople. The prologue not only introduces The Narrator, but also describes Starkfield and the winter setting, inhabitants of Starkfield, and provokes curiosity about the tragedy experienced by Ethan Frome. Frome is a badly crippled but striking older man whom the Narrator has seen at the post office in Starkfield. Harmon Gow, a former stagecoach driver who knows the histories of all the Starkfield families, responds to the Narrator’s questions about Frome by telling him that Frome was disfigured in a â€Å"smash-up,† an accident that occurred 24 years ago. But Gow provides few details. The framed narrative told in the first-person by the Narrator builds suspense around Ethan Frome and the events leading to the â€Å"smash-up† that disfigured him. By telling the story through the device of the frame, the Narrator is trying to learn a story that has already happened; Wharton gives Ethan’s story a sense of inevitability. By introducing his story as a flashback, the Narrator makes very clear the fact that what we are about to read is not a factual record of the occurrences leading up to Ethan’s accident, but his own impressions of what those occurrences may have been. According to The Narrator, Ethan has the remains of a once powerful and sensitive man, whom is now bound and frustrated by the crippling effects of a sledding accident. Even though Ethan is only fifty-two years old, he looks as though he is â€Å"dead and in hell.† Wharton builds suspense when she reveals that the Narrator is also intrigued by the look of incredible suffering and despair that he sees in an unguarded moment on Ethan’s face; Wharton provokes curiosity about the tragedy that has robbed Ethan of his life. Wharton provides minimal information about Ethan. Harmon Gow shares the sad history of the deaths of Ethan’s parents and of Zeena’s sicknesses, and he adds the comment that â€Å"most of the smart ones get away,† implying that Ethan was smart, but unfortunately was unable to leave Starkfield. The themes of silence and isolation are introduced by the author. The Narrator is impressed with Ethan’s solitude and apparent withdrawal into a protective shell. Ethan gives the postman a â€Å"silent nod† and would â€Å"listen quietly.† He responds briefly, in a low tone, when spoken to by one of the townspeople. Gradually, more of Ethan’s character emerges, especially after The Narrator has talked with Ethan during the trips to Corbury Flats. Ethan’s intelligence is revealed The Narrator through Ethan’s interest in a book of popular science, and a parallel between Ethan and The Narrator is established when they reveal that they have both been on engineering trips to Florida. Wharton suggests that The Narrator is the kind of man Ethan might have become if he had not become trapped in his marriage. Ethan did the right thing according to the accepted rules of society by caring for his wife; however, it wasn’t the right thing for him. Ethan pays the price by never achieving his potential. According to The Narrator, Ethan lives in a â€Å"depth of moral isolation.† Wharton uses battle imagery to describe the way winter conquers Starkfield. The Narrator mentions â€Å"the wild cavalry of March winds† and he understood â€Å"why Starkfield emerged from its six months’ siege like a starved garrison capitulating without quarter.† The winter season is predominant: Ethan’s memory of his trip to Florida seems to be covered with snow. Even the name of the town, â€Å"Starkfield,† is significant is symbolic of the moral landscape of the novel. It implies the devastating and isolating effects of the harsh winters on the land and the men who work the land. The conclusion is that the ravages of winter destroy both man’s will to survive and the buildings he constructs to shield him from his environment. The â€Å"exanimate,† or lifeless, remains of Ethan’s sawmill are an example. The Narrator comments on the landscape that also suggests the debilitating effects of winter: the â€Å"starved apple-trees writhing over a hillside† suggests the barren land that starves men rather than feeds them. The dead vine on the front porch of Fromes’ farmhouse is symbolic of the dead and dying spirits that inhabit the house and its graveyard. And as The Narrator observes, Fromes’ farmhouse â€Å"shivers† in the cold and looks â€Å"forlorn.† After his important description of the â€Å"L† shape of the house — â€Å"the long deep-roofed adjunct usually built at right angles to the main house, and connecting it, by way of storerooms and tool-house, with the wood-shed and cow-barn† — The Narrator perceives that the farmhouse is symbolic of Ethan himself. The house’s function appears to be a place of confinement and isolation for its inhabitants. Wharton easily changes the focus from The Narrator’s first impressions to the dramatic action of the journey taken by Ethan and The Narrator in the snowstorm. It is ironic that a blinding snowstorm forces The Narrator to take shelter in the Frome farmhouse — it opens his eyes to Ethan’s story. As a result of that, the breaking off of the narration just before the door opens increases the suspense and prepares the reader for The Narrator entering the farmhouse in the culmination of the tragedy in the epilogue.

Alex DeLarge in A Clockwork Orange Essay

A Clockwork Orange is set in futuristic Britain. The main character and narrator, Alex DeLarge, is the leader of a sadistic teen gang. Alex introduces his â€Å"droogs†, or friends, as Pete, Georgie, and Dim. After getting intoxicated at the Korova Milk Bar, they perform a series of â€Å"ultra-violent† crimes. This includes beating a homeless man, fighting a rival gang, and theft. They also play â€Å"Hogs of the Road†, a game in which they steal a car and drive recklessly with the intention of causing harm to pedestrians and/or other drivers. They decide to carry out a â€Å"surprise visit†, where they go to a stranger’s home and pretend to be in danger in order to gain entrance. They sing and laugh while harming their victims, a married couple. The man is beaten, bound, and forced to watch his wife being brutally raped. The gang then returns to the Korova for a nightcap. This is when we discover Alex’s love for classical music, and the dis content that the gang feels toward their arrogant leader. Alex returns home to his parent’s house. He has a drawer full of stolen goods. He listens to Beethoven before going to sleep. The joy he finds in classical music is strongly related to the elation he feels throughout acts of ultra-violence. The next day, Alex plays hooky from school. His parents appear to be very passive, lacking the courage to create boundaries. They believe that Alex is out late due to his â€Å"jobs†. Later that day, Alex has sex with two unfamiliar girls. Afterwards, he quarrels with his droogs about a scheme that Georgie constructed. As the gang walk along a marina, Alex clubs Georgie in the groin and kicks him into the water. Dim swings his chain at Alex, who ducks out of the way, resulting in Dim in the water as well. Alex deceivingly offers his hand to Dim; when he reaches for it, Alex cuts him with a knife. It appears that everything is restored while the gang further discuss Georgie’s plan. It involves another surprise visit to a cat la dy’s home. Rejected at the door, Alex enters through an upstairs window while his droogs wait outside. The cat lady has already called the police. Alex bashes  her with her colossal phallic sculpture and leaves. When he joins his droogs, Dim smashes a full bottle of milk on Alex’s face and he goes down. He is apprehended, told that his victim is dead, and sentenced to fourteen years in prison. Two years into his sentence, Alex becomes interested in the Bible. He fantasizes about whipping Jesus and enjoys the stories of torture. Alex is chosen by the Minister of the Interior to participate in a two week experimental reform technique, and is transferred to the Ludovico Medical Facility. Alex is injected with a substance that makes him feel sick while he is forced to watch a montage of vicious scenes involving brutality. Later films are accompanied by classical music, more specifically, Beethoven. As he comes to associate sickness with violence, the whole idea of violent behavior becomes so overwhelming that he would rather die than consider it. Alex returns home to discover that his parents have rented his room to a lodger. A victim from his past recognizes him and attacks him. Two police officers intervene. The officers are Alex’s old droogs, Dim and Georgie. They drive Alex to a country road and take him to a low water tub, where they hold his head under water and beat him. Left alone, Alex stumbles up the road to a house of a past victim, Mr. Alexander. He recognizes Alex from the newspapers, but not initially as the person that raped his late wife and put him in a wheelchair. Alex is drugged and slowly regains consciousness in a locked room upstairs. Mr. Alexander and his affiliates are downstairs, blasting Beethoven’s 9th Symphony. Alex leaps out of the window because of the distress it induces. He awakens in a hospital bed a few weeks later. Alex is welcomed by his parents, the government’s â€Å"cure† has been blamed for the repercussions, Mr. Alexander has been put away, a good paying job is lined up for Alex, and the Minister of the Interior expresses regret by givin g Alex a new stereo. The stereo is playing Beethoven’s 9th Symphony, but it does not agitate Alex. It appears as though Alex has regressed to his former disposition, before he was â€Å"cured†. According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), Conduct Disorder consists of a â€Å"repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated†. The person must exhibit actions that include aggression to people and/or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious violation of rules. In addition, significant impairment in academic, social,  or occupational functioning due to this conduct must be present. Alex has a variety of destructive traits that are diagnostic characteristics of this disorder. There is not enough information given about Alex’s history to know the onset of these behaviors. Judging from the severity of his actions, I would have to guess that these types of behaviors starte d occurring at an early age. Alex’s aggression can be seen throughout this movie. He initiates the assault of the homeless man and the fight with the rival gang. He carries weapons for these occasions. Alex also engages in physical violence without a weapon. While approaching Mr. Alexander for instance, he kicks him in the face. The rape of Mrs. Alexander is a further portrayal of his aggression, as is his assault of the cat lady. In addition to his physical cruelness, Alex steals from his victims. The DSM-IV-TR (2000), says that â€Å"aggressive individuals with this disorder frequently misperceive the intentions of others as more hostile and threatening than is the case and respond with aggression that they then feel is reasonable and justified.† This is illustrated in the scene where Alex ambushes Georgie and Dim. This is his way of asserting his dominance within the gang after Georgie appears to be taking charge. There are few depictions of Alex damaging property that I can recall. I can imagin e that the stolen car was left in poor condition after Alex’s carelessness on the road. He flips a desk containing Mr. Alexander’s personal items and then knocks over a large bookcase. While violating Mrs. Alexander, Alex cuts her garment off with a pair of scissors. Alex displays an enduring trait of deceit in the course of this film. Alex is the type of person who seeks personal gain through misrepresentation. He is dishonest with his parents about having a job and feigns sickness so he does not have to attend school. He finds a way to penetrate several unfamiliar homes. Originally, he attempts to trick the resident by pretending to be in danger. This goal is achieved at the Alexander home. When this ploy fails, he finds a way to break-in. Another great illustration of Alex’s fraudulence is his interest in the Ludovico technique. The only reason Alex finds it enticing is because it gives him an opportunity to shorten his prison sentence. Under false pretenses, Alex is chosen for the treatment and he achieves his objective. Alex violates rules regularly. He is frequently absent from school, yet continues to stay out late at night. Alex’s Conduct disorder may have developed due to his parents providing a  lack of supervision and his association with a delinquent peer group (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Initially, I thought Alex should be given a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder. A diagnosis of ASPD is not given to individuals under the age of eighteen and Alex is only fifteen in the beginning of the story. According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), individuals diagnosed with Childhood-Onset Type Conduct Disorder and receive inconsistent discipline from their parents are at greater risk of their Conduct Disorder evolving into Antisocial Personality Disorder. Although Alex’s position in the end of the movie is left ambiguous, it is implied that he has returned to his former state. Since he is eighteen by the end of the story, had an early onset of Conduct Disorder, and fits the criteria, I believe it’s safe to say that A lex has developed Antisocial Personality Disorder. The Ludovico Technique is a fictional treatment that resembles Aversion therapy. The goal is to suppress a behavior by associating it with an aversive stimulus. This technique is controversial. Are these individuals â€Å"cured†, or are they incapable of acting on free will based on a new disposition that creates fear? The priest in the film expresses his concern with the individual’s lack of choice. I don’t believe this to be an effective treatment for Conduct Disorder. The root of the problem is not addressed, only symptoms are. A treatment that I would suggest for this disorder is Multisystemic therapy. â€Å"This therapy is used mainly to treat adolescents who are antisocial and delinquent. It combines strategies from cognitive behavioral therapy, parent management training, and various family therapies† (â€Å"Options for managing conduct disorder†, 2011). Treatment is subjective because MST acknowledges that manifestation of this kind of behavior varies. I think it’s important to look at every factor while treating a patient because everybody is different. Sometimes medications are prescribed, but not often. Perhaps a combination of different therapies and medication would be sufficient. I think MST is the still the best option. It appears to tackle the issue from all angles and is a personalized apparoah. â€Å"Studies have concluded that this therapy is effective at reducing delinquent behavior and drug use, and at preventing incarceration or hospitalization† (â€Å"Options for managing conduct disorder†, 2011). Although I believe this is a good treatment option for Conduct Disorder, I’m not sure if Alex would respond to it as well as some individuals. Family support is  vital and his parents are not very active in his life. Additionally, in order for a person to get better, they have to trully want to get better. I’m not certain that Alex feels that his â€Å"ultra-violence† is a problem. In my opinion, MST may be a more effective treatment for somebody younger, with a later onset of CD. I have not researched treatment options for Antisocial Personality Disorder because it is only my assumption that Alex has regressed in the end of the movie. Much more information would be needed in order to consider treatment options. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. Options for managing conduct disorder. (2011). Harvard Mental Health Letter, 27(9), 1-3.

Financial Exclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Exclusion - Essay Example Now while no bank advertises that it will not extend it's banking facilities to mothers on welfare , there are various barriers which would present that. The income level of that person may be so low that banking guidelines would not permit giving them credit facilities . They may not have any established credit because they pay everything in cash, or they may even have bad credit , because they just may not have given too much thought to payment on time and they just pay when they have the money. Or simply they may not just know , how the financial and credit system works. So a certain group of people are excluded from the financial system , so how is this bad and most importantly , how does this effect you and me After all we are not a socialist or a communist country where everybody should have access to everything and we besides we already know that system has failed. This is not about trying to establish a socialist welfare society. There are real damaging consequences to a modern free market economy from lack of financial inclusion of a certain group of people. First of all a whole group of people have been excluded from the mainstream economy , that cannot be good for the economy. The people themselves will enter a vicious cycle of paying high interest rates for credit and since these people are already in varying degrees of poverty it just pushes them further into it. Finally poverty breeds instability , violence and crime. The inner cities, slums and ghettos all of this in common that they consist of financially excluded people and are breedin g ground of poverty and crime. But should Financial Institutions take the burden of providing credit facilities to people who do not meet their credit guidelines Don't they have a responsibility to make sound investment decisions on behalf of their shareholders Certainly they do. In fact the current sub prime crisis may not have happened if a few banks had behaved in a prudent manner in lending. You cannot and should not lend to the unlendable. But understand this , these people already borrow money , they pay a very heavy interest for it. So the banks must design products to capture this market rather than asking this group of people to meet their existing guidelines which may be difficult , if not impossible. If Bangladesh can have a successful micro loan program with Grameen bank , why could U.K. which has a much smaller problem with financial exclusion not come up with solutions. Indeed An interesting feature which emerges from the international practice is that the more developed a society is, the greater is the thrust on empowerment of the common person and low-income groups. In U.K The first review of the problems of financial exclusion in 1999 stimulated both debate and development. The government set out its strategy, Promoting financial inclusion, in 2004, identifying three priority areas - access to banking, access to affordable credit, and access to free face-to-face money advice for people who are financially excluded. UB or Universal banking was setup partly because of this effort , this opened up access to bank accounts at post offices. And this was a very good idea , because bank may look

Examples of winners and losers from international trade Research Paper

Examples of winners and losers from international trade - Research Paper Example Also known as the sellers. The main aim of trade is to get profits and this is greatly received by the producers of the Chinese products that are exported to other countries such as USA. International trade also exists between countries such as Brazil and Japan. Japan is a renowned producer of motor vehicles, non-electrical machinery, tools and mechanical apparatus, iron and steel products just to name a few. Brazil on the other hand is a renowned exporter of soybean, orange juice, iron ore, oil, coffee and raw sugar. Trade between these two countries has winners and losers just like the previously mentioned between USA and China. The winners in the trade are the consumers in the country buying the products. For example in this case, when Brazil exports its products to Japan, the winners are the consumers or the people buying the products in Japan. Other winners are the producers of the products in Brazil who sell the produce or export the produce to Japan. The losers involved in thi s example of trade are the producers of the similar type of imported products in Japan. The producers of the similar type of products imported are losers because they will not have market for their products in Japan. The consumers of the exported products in Brazil are also losers in the trade. This is because most products produced are exported hence there will not be available products for the consumers to use. International trade involves several laws. One of them being the law of comparative advantage. The law of comparative advantage is a fundamental economic principle that explains the disparities experienced in trade between rich and poor nations. It states that every country production...International trade involves several laws. One of them being the law of comparative advantage. The law of comparative advantage is a fundamental economic principle that explains the disparities experienced in trade between rich and poor nations. It states that every country production activi ty that provides a lower opportunity cost than that of another country. It explains how and why there is an inclination by technologically superior countries to purchase goods from technologically inferior countries. This in essence means that both the trading nations can benefit mutually by each country producing goods with lower levels of opportunity costs. This is aimed at balancing the economies of scale as far as international trade is concerned. This can be further divided into two related concepts: †¢ Absolute Advantage: This refers to the ability of a country to produce more goods using fewer resources. This in most cases is facilitated by superior technology as employed in the processes of production, manufacturing and transportation therefore developed nations have an absolute advantage over the developing nations which are yet to utilize technology in its entirety. Hence the developing nations are mainly net importers while most developed nations are net exporters. †¢ Comparative Advantage This is the ability of a country to produce one type of food at a much lower opportunity cost than other goods, as compared to production in other countries.

Critically assess the usefulness of Gabriel Almond's political Essay

Critically assess the usefulness of Gabriel Almond's political cultural approach in his 1956 article Comparative Political Syste - Essay Example Various regimes in Europe have experienced such political unrest due to conflicts among the nations’ different leaders, giving rise to political instability and eventual economic breakdown, which include France’s Third and Fourth Republic, Germany’s Weimar Republic, and Italy’s Post-World War II government. The rise and fall of such regimes in these countries can be explained through two lines of thought: one is Gabriel Almond’s comparative political systems which differentiate the various kinds of governance in countries according to how the country is run by the government; and another is Giovanni Sartori’s theory of polarised plural systems, which points out the importance of political parties needing to work together and not strongly-opposing one another. By combining these two concepts, it will better explain why political instability plays a major role in governance, both in the past such as in France’s Third and Fourth Republic and Germany’s Weimar Republic, as well as the persistence of this issue in Italian governance for a much longer time. Comparative Political Systems by Gabriel Almond Gabriel Almond published a classification system which compares various kinds of political systems, how each one governs the nation, as well as stating where such kinds of governance are mostly found. ... ssible that the kind of governance in each country may depend on their internal resources, customs and ideologies, and other factors that may or may not align with the definitions of the extant classification systems (Almond, 1956). Thus Almond proposes other kinds of political systems which are much more defined by the culture where each one is based on: Anglo-American political systems, usually composed of a uniform and secular group of people; Pre-industrial political systems, wherein there is a mixture of political systems due to the proliferation of traditional ideas and culture amidst modernist views; Totalitarian political systems in which leadership is centralised and there is actually no need for an overall consensus due to the dominance of only one party or one leader; and the Continental European political systems, wherein the lack of a unified political culture is due to the persistence of various cultures, both new and old and their wide gaps in terms of growth, developm ent and acceptance among the leaders, various parties, and among the citizens. According to Almond, France, Germany and Italy belong to the Continental European political systems due to high variations between the ruling parties and of differing views within the leadership system (Almond, 1956, p. 406). In explaining the political instability in France during the Third and Fourth Republic, of Germany during the Weimar Republic and of Italy after World War II, their respective politics are included in the Continental European political systems because of the various subcultures that exist within each country that causes disunity within the leadership itself. In the case of France, in both the Third and Fourth Republic issues such as the distrust between the leftists and the rightists were

Marketing Plan - IPhone 5 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Plan - IPhone 5 - Case Study Example The iPhone is increasing its market share due to the extreme loyalty of the existing Apple customers as well as the branding of the product; so far their marketing strategy has been immaculate. After going on sale in 2007, the Iphone has not looked back. The growth reasonably slow in the start, has increased dramatically over the years as improved versions are being introduced almost annually to quench the thirst of technology hungry customers looking for a product full of style. The Iphone 5 that will be launches through Kwantlen’s Apple Store will have pre-loaded applications and software that will help students and teachers at the campus to interact better and with ease. The biggest competition of Iphone 5 is the Blackberry Torch and Motorola’s Razor, as they all boast to be tech-savvy and sleek in style. Existing users of the Apple products, however, are also part of the target market for the newer version. Brand perception and brand loyalty has been the biggest str ength of Apple over the past half decade and Apple continues to cash in on this intangible asset that is only increasing in quantity over time. However, weaknesses include the rumours of a faulty reception and battery issues as have been claimed by some users. Another issue is the exclusive nature of iTunes. Apple can capitalize on its strength of branding and continue to offer products in different categories. They have no imminent threats as long as they keep on top to technology of their competition. The launch price of the product will be higher than the retail price of the current phone owing to the originality of the product as well as the added features to this specific model. The availability of these pre-loaded phones will be for the students enrolled in Kwantlen’s campuses only, increasing originality, and decreasing wait times. The basic product placement would be done through the distribution of the phone to the professors at a discounted price so that the usage o f the product by the professor directly increases product penetration to the 9000 students studying in all the campuses. Iphone 5: The fifth generation Iphone is expected to be launched soon. Iphone 4 was the 4th generation of iphones released for the public. Considerably different in its looks and style from its predecessor, it was an instant hit. However, there are certain features that are still wanted by its die hard consumers that are now expected to be released in Iphone 5. There are a number of changes that are expected in the newer version of the product. Rumours are already flying that the latest generation phone is already in production and trails are being conducted as this report is being formatted. The faithful Apple customers are looking forward to this release like anything; Iphone 4 was considered a huge success as it is different and advanced than its predecessor. However, there were glitches related to reception and hopefully this will be fixed in the new phone. Wi th the help of the USB connection, it will be easier to transfer files. The Iphone is user friendly and will have applications that will help increase student-teacher communication and acceptability at the academic area. The touch screen is patented and is the best in its smart phones category. Therefore, the preloaded academic material and applications will also help improve student-teacher acceptability.

Importance of Strategic thinking and formulation in the organisational Essay

Importance of Strategic thinking and formulation in the organisational change - Essay Example There are many stages involved in the process of the strategic management. These steps are divided in to three broad categories: 1) Strategy formulation 2) Strategy implementation 3) Strategy evaluation The first step namely the strategy formulation involves the development of the business mission, evaluation of the opportunities and threats faced by the business organisation in the business, by using tools such as SWOT analysis, examining the strengths and weaknesses of the business, determining the long term objectives of the business and designing the new strategies to eke in the process of achieving the new targets. It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business, limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities.... d the marketing efforts, planning the financial issues, alignment of the information system with the information needs of the employees and last but not least provisions of appraisals and rewards to the employees. The strategy implementation stage requires several actions to be taken by the management in order to get the most of it. The successful implementation of a strategy is directly related to the ability of a manger to motivate employees in the strategic direction and to develop an organisational culture to adopt the change and take it into the daily business practise. It also demands some crucial steps by the managers on personal level. The manger should depict different qualities such as discipline, high level of commitment and motivation, leadership and enthusiasm of making things possible. Successful implementation of strategy is very important. This is the most crucial step in the whole process since it involves many factors besides the ability of manger. This includes the adoption of change by the employees, their commitment levels, and the enthusiasm towards their jobs. Most often the business organisations fail to achieve their desired targets since they fail to implement their s trategies in a successful manner or fail to get support from their employees. The final stage is the strategy evaluation. After the implementation it is important for the managers to test the effectiveness of the strategy. The strategy of a company requires constant updating. With the changing conditions of market and industry it is important for an organisation to keep its strategy in tact with the changing environment. An out dated strategy cannot fulfil the needs of today's global environment. In order to go through the updating process the organisations should carry on

Fluid mechanics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fluid mechanics - Assignment Example Introduction When a fluid undergoes motion, there are certain laws it must satisfy. Two of the basic laws pertain to the conservation laws for mass and energy. While the conservation of mass leads to Continuity Equation, conservation of energy gives us Bernoulli’s Principle. (1) Continuity Equation: the amount of fluid volume per unit time must remain constant as the fluid cannot be compressed (no density variation) and the mass flowing in to a certain area per unit time must always be same to that going out from that area in exactly the same time. Thus, leading to the important equation Q = A1 ? u1 = A2 ? u2 .....(1) where A1 and u1 are the cross-sectional area and fluid velocity respectively at the location ‘1’; and A2 and u2 are those at ‘2’ along the Venturi Tube shown below. (2) Bernoulli’s Equation: similarly, when we take into account the conservation of total energy of the water in the Tube, which happens to be one of the most fundament al conservation principles in Physics, we obtain the Bernoulli’s equation. ... ic Head† or â€Å"Pressure Head†, denoting the energy due to the fluid pressure; the 2nd term defined as â€Å"Velocity Head†, denoting the kinetic energy; and the 3rd term named as â€Å"Potential Head†, denoting potential energy, combine together to give the total energy or â€Å"Head† of the fluid in motion. Apparatus Used (1) Venturi Tube or Venturimeter (2) Stopwatch (3) Graduated Beaker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Venturimeter or Venturi Tube Methodology Step 1: Known volume of water (10 litres in the first case) is allowed to flow in through the inlet, located at position marked as ‘1’ Step 2: when the water flows through the Venturi Tube and goes out through the valve at ‘11’, it is collected in the graduated beaker and the volume is noted down along with the total time taken to travel through the Tube. Subsequently, Q, the Volumetric Flow Rate is measured using the Eqn. (1) Step 3: simultaneously, the heights of the wat er columns in each of the 11 capillary tubes connected to the Venturimeter at 11 different locations are also observed carefully and put the relevant column in the Observation Table 1 below Step 4: the Velocity Head and Pressure Head as given by Eqn. (2) are also calculated for different fluid velocities at different locations, and the values are tabulated in Columns 6 & 8 respectively Step 5: finally, the total energy or Head of the fluid is measured just by adding the Velocity Head and the Pressure Head since the Potential Head remains unchanged Step 6: all the 5 steps mentioned above are repeated for 20 litres and 25 litres and the measurements are recorded in Tables 2 & 3 Step 7: bar diagrams are plotted for Evh, the Velocity Head, against the Tube Locations. Similarly, another graph is plotted for Esh, the Static Head, Vs the Tube

The First World War Essay Example for Free

The First World War Essay All of the sources give different impressions as to wether Germanys leaders are responsibe for the outbreak of the First World War. Source 1 seems to strongly suggest that German leaders and the German Government did in fact push for the war with Hewitson blaming the Army and suggesting that Germany was looking for an opportunity to start war however he does not fully support the view that German leaders were responsible.Porter and Armour (Source 2) strongly supports this view by again pointing to the millitary and prime minister Bethmann Hollweg looking for an opportunity to wage war but again not fully placing the blame on Germany but looking at the threating actions of Russia and Britain. In contrast to both Source 1 and 2 Norman Stone ( Source 3) does not blame Germany, instead he suggest that the tension in Europe for the last decade finally reached an ultimatum in the July crisis and the war was the fault of all Great powers. Mark Hewitson argument that German army and the government pushed for war before 1914 is reasonable and puts the blame on the German leaders, this view is also supported by ficher who said that Germany was making plans for annexation before the July crisis which suggest that Germany hoped to quickly win the war. It is also supported by the Council meeting in 1912 which held that it was Germanys consious decision to wage war for its own gain. This view is supported by Porter and Armour ( source 2), they say Bethmann Hollweg government deliberatly provoked a diplomatic crisis which it knew might lead to war. This strongly suggest that German leaders were actually responsible for the outbreak and the statement might be true, because if Hollweg knew that the war would be a certain victory, he would certainly be very pro-war, this due to him carrying about German wellfare which can be seen through certain reforms he passed, such as the 1911 imperial insurence code. Norman ( Source 3) d oes not fully accept the argument that the German army pushed for war, he instead says that the war was collectivly the fault of Great powers and increasing hysteria since 1890 . Mark ( Source 1) argues that Germany was trying to make themselves seen as the ones that need to defend themselves, to undercut public opposition to war by casting Russia as the agressor, this would give Germany an  opportunity to wage war on Russia without other European powers being hostile to Germany. Reich government was able to undercut public opposition, with Russia being the agressor the German government hoped that nationalism would stop the public from opposing the war. Porter and Armour (soure 2) agrees with Mark Anglo-Russian naval talks, this would mean encirclement for Germany and in fact might show Germany as the country that only wants to defend itself. This could suggest that German leaders were not as responsible but the other countries such as Russia , France and Britain being aggressive and therefore Germany naturally being worried. Norman ( source 3) also agrees on the fact that it was the tension in Europe that led to war instead of German leaders decisions. Mark ( Source 1) does come into a conclusion that not neccesserly German leaders planned war, but rather continued a policy of brinkmanship. The contination of this policy however might be the decision that has caused some tension amongst majour European countries, the expansion of Germany might of have been seen as a threat towards other countries such as France which could suggest that German leaders were in fact responsible. Porter ( source 2) does suggest that Gernan leaders were responsible, civilian and millitary leaders were much influenced by a deep pessimism as to Germanys survival if it did not act before it was too late. This is of course talking about the Schlieffen Plan which is an agressive plan of sieging france to not fight a war on two fronts during the war. This contrasts with Mark ( source 1 ) who says that German leaders did not neccessary plan the war, Schlieffen Plan was created 1905, which suggest that German millitary leaders were thinking about planning the war way back before the tension in Europe was high. Norman ( source 3) does seem to disagree with source 1 as it says the situation in which the First World War did break out was forseen for five years beforehand this suggest that the politicians and leaders would of known about the possibilty of war, and therefore some planning would need to be done in case of the war. In conclusion the German Leaders alone cant be responsible for the outbreak of war due to tense situation in Europe, triple entente being put in place which would encircle and therfore endanger Germany. However the sources  suggest that to a large extent German leaders were contributing towards creating the tension in Europe by their dangerous policy, their army leaders who wanted to quickly start a war and go through Belgium to gain France which would cause Britain to enter the War with the hopes of Germany not having to fight on two fronts and also the contribution to making the relationship between Britain and Germany thorugh policies such as Weltpolitik or Flottenpolitik. Finally the situation in Germany nationalism and hysteria and also SDP meant that to bring the country together a war would be the only reasonable choice.

Corporate Social Responsibility Challenges for Coca Cola

Corporate Social Responsibility Challenges for Coca Cola Corporate social responsibility (CSR) promotes a vision for the accountability of businesses in a wide range of stakeholders beyond shareholders and investors. The main areas of interest of CSR are the protection of the environment and welfare of workers, community and society at large, both today and tomorrow. The concept of CSR is based on the idea that companies are no further independent, but they are closely connected to the society. The traditional views on the competitiveness, survival and profitability of businesses no longer exist. The Coca Cola Company has fully implemented all the variables of CSR. While it is not a company that applies dishonest practices (such as Mc Donalds), it could be said that it seeks the maximization of profit but also believes in CSR and the contribution of the business to the prosperity of society. However, there is a difference. It has gone much further and has developed a code of ethical business conduct. This business conduct is communicated to all interested parties. Terms of reference Corporate Social Responsibility Stakeholders Business Ethics Multinational Companies Procedure (Methodology) The present paper is based on discussing corporate social responsibility theory and how the Coca Cola Company implements it. The research is based on CSR literature and the Coca Cola Corporate Social Responsibility Report as well as on some informal interviews with executives of Coca Cola Hellas. Some of the reasons that make companies adopt CSR principles are: 1. The shrinking role of government. The decrease of government funds, coupled with the growing distrust of the state regulations has led to the implementation of voluntary and non-regulatory initiatives. 2. The existing demands for greater corporate disclosure. There is an increasing demand for corporate disclosure on behalf of the stakeholders involved, such as customers, suppliers, employees, etc. 3. The increasing interest of customers. There is evidence that the ethical behaviour of companies has an increasing influence on customers purchasing decisions. 4. Growing investor pressure. A survey by International Environics (Frazer 2005), revealed that more than one quarter of the shares Americans own, was purchased by taking into account the ethical values of the companies. 5. The competitive labour markets. Employees seek more than just a salary and bonus. They want employers whose philosophies and operating practices suit to their own values. To be able to recruit and keep qualified employees, companies are obliged to improve working environment. 6. Relations with suppliers. Since interested parties are increasingly concerned about business matters, many companies take steps to ensure that their partners behave in a socially responsible manner (Alexander and Buchholz 1978). Some of the positive results that can occur when companies adopt corporate social responsibility are the following: Benefits for the company: Improved economic performance. Lower operational costs. Improved brand image and company reputation. Better sales performance and customer loyalty. Increased productivity and quality. Increased ability to keep qualified employees. Access to funds for capital purposes. Diversified employees/workforce. Safe products. Benefits for the community and the public: Charitable contributions. Employee volunteer programs. Corporate involvement in community programs in education, employment and programs for the homeless. Product safety and quality (Arlow and Cannon 1982). The concept of corporate social responsibility is now established in the global business agenda. However, many hindrances need to be overcome. An important challenge for the modern enterprise is the need for more reliable progress indicators in corporate social responsibility, along with the implementation of CSR strategies. The issues of dialogue and transparency can help the business be more reliable, and at the same time to reach the standards of other firms (Dierkes 1990). Critics of CSR, question the relationship of CSR to the nature of the business and believe that its incentives are insincere and hypocritical. They believe that it is more efficient to impose governmental and international regulations to make sure that companies act in a manner that is socially responsible. With regard to the relationship of CSR to the nature of the business, critics argue that the aim of the business is production and profit maximization for shareholders. Theorists such as Milton Friedman and others go a step further and argue that the goal of companies is to maximize returns to shareholders, and that only people can have the social responsibility, companies are only responsible for their shareholders and not for the society as a whole. While acknowledging that companies should respect the laws of the country in which they work, they have no further obligation to the society. Some people think that corporate social responsibility is incompatible with the nature and purpose of the business, but also that it is an obstacle to free trade. Those who argue that CSR is incompatible with capitalism and in favour of neoliberalism suggest that improvements in health, human life and infant mortality are due to the economic growth caused by the free business activities. In the theory and criticism to the CSR, the separation of firms according to their behaviour in relation to profit / ethics is included. Under this separation, the behaviour of enterprises is defined as follows: 1. The Amorals who seek only to maximize profit and return profits to shareholders. 2. The Loyalists who believe that their only obligation is not to derogate the law. 3. The Sympathizers who recognise the need to listen to the messages of society. 4. The Suspicious, in other words, the businesses that understand the need to combine profit with morality and make corporate values. 5. Finally, the Believers who are the firms that have developed and follow a code of ethics which has been notified to all interested parties (Caroll 1991). Most businesses (the Coca Cola company is among them) are between the two poles i.e., on the one hand, they want to achieve profits and have satisfied shareholders and on the other they want to conform to the social imperatives) and the current trend is that CSR can improve to a large extent long-term business profitability because it minimizes the risks and weaknesses and offers a range of potential benefits such as improved brand image and the involvement of employees. Other critics of CSR argue that some companies like the British American Tobacco, etc. use CSR to distract public attention from ethical issues raised regarding their core operations. They argue that some companies start CSR programs for the commercial benefits enjoyed by raising their reputation in the public or the government. They argue that companies exist only to maximize profits, and they do not promote social interests (Frazer 2005). Another problem is when companies promote CSR, they are also committed to sustainable development, but in reality, they engage in harmful business practices. For example, Mc Donalds while it promotes CSR, the salaries of its employees are very low. They work in unhealthy environments, and its products are a health risk because of their high fat content. Despite these problems and the use of CSR by certain companies to cover up bad business practices it could not be supported that all companies operate in the same way. Findings According to the Coca Cola Corporate Social Responsibility Report (2010) the CSR programme of the company is the following: The main objective of the CSR programme is Sustainability. This is expressed through the actions of the company in the following areas: consumer health, packaging and recycling, water stewardship, employee development, involvement of suppliers and energy and climate. Regarding of Consumer Health, the company wants to meet the modern life trends of consumers. For this reason, it has broadened the product portfolio with products that are not fattening, and it has reduced the amount of calories in its beverages by 88% according to school beverage guidelines. It has also supported Michelle Obamas campaign (Lets Move) with the initiative Clear on Calories. With respect to the axis of Packaging Recycling, the company introduced PlantBottle, which is a fully recyclable PET bottle made from a blend of petroleum based materials and up to 30 per cent of plant-based materials (Coca Cola CSR 2010). Coca Cola has also managed to achieve high recycling rates of its bottles (99 per cent in Europe and 92 per cent in North America). Regarding Water Stewardship, the company strives to improve the efficiency of water use. It has improved the use of water by 3.5 per cent from 2008. It current average water use ration to make one litre of its products is 1.67 litres. The development of employees is a further objective of the CSR of the company. The company believes that employees are the foundation for success. In its previous CSR programs, Coca Cola has created special programs to attract, retain and develop the skills and abilities of employees. These programs enable employees to properly exploit their potential while developing leadership skills and talents needed by the company in all sectors and in all countries. Its current CSR programme promotes employees equality regarding diverse cultures. According to the first Employee Engagement Survey, Coca Cola has improved the levels of its employee engagement, whereas on the Corporate Equality Index of the Human Rights Campaign it has received a 100 per cent score. Finally, with regard to energy and climate, the company co-signed the Copenhagen Communique. It was a supportive action to the global agreement on climate change. For the second year in the row, it has reduced company carbon footprint. Recommendations Coca Cola was based on the 6 pillars of business ethics i.e. contribution to economic growth, creation and preservation of jobs, contribution to training, protection of the natural environment, contribution to the development of the region and finally contribution to the fight against social rejection (Lantos 2001). To achieve these goals, Coca Cola involved all stakeholders i.e. employees, shareholders, consumers and their movements, and local governmental bodies and NGOs. If the pillars are examined one by one the following can be seen: For the employees, Coca Cola has created a healthy and safe working environment, it is against discrimination (in terms of gender, race, nationality), the remuneration offered to employees is satisfactory (Coca Cola supports that the wages offered are above the average level of wages, and that it implements benchmarking regarding remuneration). Regarding consumers, Coca Cola is famous for its marketing abilities. Given its global nature, it pays special attention to the different cultures of people. Furthermore, it targets both to the moral and sustainable consumption through the production of environment-friendly (regarding the chemical composition, packaging, etc.) products. It has also set up recycling programs for their products and consumer training programs to recycle its products. Coca Cola has followed all the basic rules of the CSR theory, and its programs are successful. Its programs are long term and include many activities. Its strategy includes environment care, dialogue with all stakeholders and is in line with both its history and activities. Coca Cola provides job positions and is taxed. For example, Coca Cola Hellas specifically paid 100 million euros in income taxes. 1,084.1 million euros in salaries and benefits and 2,441.8 million euros to suppliers for materials required e.g. packaging and services. Coca Cola is also interested in philanthropy. In 2007 it gave more than 10 million euros to charity programs. The aim of all these programs is the achievement of sustainable development and where this is not achieved to the desired level, Coca Cola has established the necessary controls to achieve it by changing the rules and models. In this context, Coca Cola uses and social accounting, which is the disclosure of data (other than financial) on the activities of the company in social, ethical and environmental issues. This disclosure is not required by law. Coca Cola publishes an annual Corporate Social Responsibility Sustainability Report, which is included in the material provided to stock exchange markets for investor information. In order for social accounting to present factual and reliable data, Coca Cola implements annual audits and inspections by external partners. At the same time, it has created management systems (including all operational functions) to achieve this aim. Communication with all stakeholders is a key element of its strategy because this is the only way it can achieve continuous improvement in every activity. Consequently, the CSR programs of Coca Cola are considered as highly successful and worthy of emulation by other companies. Coca Cola appears to have long term CSR programs because every year it communicates its actions and its faith in it. The author suggests to continue do so because the global conditions (economic, social) impose CSR programs and on the other hand, it is a way to give value and thus achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. The value includes all stakeholders. The suppliers feel that they cooperate with a reliable company that respects its agreements and society and is a partner who will help them grow. Employees acquire a sense of identity and identification with the company because it respects human rights and recognizes their contribution. Value for the customers because they see that the company produces products that respect human health and the environment in which they live. Value for partners (banks, etc.) who perceive that the company is trying to develop and understand the messages of the market. Value for shareholders because the company remains a leader, understands the needs of consumers, acts accordingly, and as a result it is profitable. Value to society by offering programs that governments cannot provide and aimed at improving the quality of life of people suffering. All these lead eventually to profit maximization and the market value rises and as a result the company is not only profitable but also consumers have a positive opinion about it. Conclusions Coca Cola is a multinational company. As such it has to implement management practices worldwide. Therefore, it establishes standards in all its operations and exploitation of employees, and environmental destruction are out of the question. On the contrary, it implements CSR programs for environmental protection as well as charity programs. It has also never been involved in corruption issues or in issues involving child labour. However, it recognizes the fact that there is always place for further improvements in employee and environmental issues. Therefore, each annual Coca Cola CSR report includes additional practices in these areas.

The Most Popular Type Of Online Advertising

The Most Popular Type Of Online Advertising Introduction Online advertising can say as a form of promotion. It uses the Internet and World Wide Web for provide the marketing messages to attract customers. Online advertising is also divided into many different forms of advertising. For example, pop-out advertising, button advertising, sponsorships advertising, banner advertising, interstitial advertising, classified advertising, interactive game advertising, text advertising, facebook advertising, floting advertising and so on. It also has variety of payment methods for online advertising. The most common way in online advertising payment methods are CPM, CPC, and CPA. In my opinion, online advertising are the great way for sellers to promote or deliver their goods information for public. Online advertising are easy to use, and the easy way to let public know. The costs of online advertising are very low, so it can save the owners money. Other than that, online advertising also can save our earth. Why I say this is because it is environmentally friendly. The owner post their advert information online, they no need to use the paper to produce advertising paper. Moreover, for public, internet is a common thing nowadays. Most of the people have computer in house. They can online and get the information easily. Besides that, nowadays online shopping is very popular. There are certified sellers, and people can buy product from them safety. Online advertising have many advantages but also have some disadvantages. It cannot deliver the information for the old aged people, because they seldom online and they do know how to use the computer. Moreover, there are also some cheaters online. So, the improvements of online advertising have to do effectively. This report have intro the most popular online advertising. It is banner advertising and facebook advertising. The contents are about the advantages, disadvantages, improvement of the advertising and some example of the advertising. Online Advertising The key of successful business is the business how to promote the product and services to all readers by using the online. According to the statistical data, more of the 80% people will everyday surf through the technologically such as internet. So, the internet has becomes an indispensable part of peoples lives. Thus, it can be considered a wide channel for the business which wants to promote their products and services to all the people. The online advertising method has becomes the most popular method for the business. It is because online advertising is easy and low advertising cost. Besides that, the online advertising also have a lot of the readers or viewers. There are many method of online advertising that can used to promote the product and services such as bloggers advertising, banner advertising, email advertising, forum advertising and so on. But in this assignment, I would like to go on deep about the banner advertising. Advantages of Banner Advertising Banner Advertising is a most important component of web-business creation. It is a good method for making the profits in the website. It is because banner advertising is very simple and easy by just sign up an affiliate programs and follow the instruction given to create an attractive banner that link your website with the advertiser. We can free to choose the design of the layout and content of our site. With the pay-per-click advertisements, we can get paid from viewer who clicked on your banner. Moreover, it is the easier way to let the viewers remember the company name and logo. On the other hand, it become more effective and convenience compare when compare with other online advertising. Furthermore, the banner advertising is much cheaper than other ads. It normally counts by the size of the banner or loads of a banner advertisement, a cost per miles (CPM) for a minimum purchase. For example, if you make a banner ad on Yahoo, it cost you a CPM of $20 $25. It is much cheaper than other advertising media. Compare with others, the small firm or company can afford for the banner advertising cost. In addition, by using the banner advertising that can easy got a lot of larger audiences. Last but not least, with the banner advertising, we can share the information at anywhere and in any times. It is because the internet is links worldwide. So, everyone can access to the Internet 24 hours daily . Besides that, publisher also update the product and service information release products and services as well as promotion instantly. Disadvantages of Banner Advertising There are few disadvantages of banner advertising. Firstly, there is no assurance of the audience responses. It is because banner only assures that the banner advertising maybe will just be viewed by people and is no guarantee that people will click on the banner advertising. Secondly, the publisher must make sure that the banner advertising is attractive and innovative. It is because if the banner advertising is not attracted by the reader, then nobody would click into the banner advertising and deliver the message of the advertising . It is waste time and cost because maybe the business or firm need to hire the professional for creating a unique banner in order to compete with the competitors. The speed will also the banner advertising. It is because many graphics, moving image or video will take more time to load and waiting the image appears. This and the idea that designer create will become mess, it will be discourage some viewers and readers. Finally, the publisher can only know about the number of views of the banner advertising but unable to estimate the effective of the advertising. It is because banner ads may be unreliable on the revenue. Furthermore, there are too many incidents of cheating in Internet, viewers will have a thought before clicking into any ads because viewer will to afraid the fraud cases and the viruses spread. This eventually brings negative effect on the banner advertising who advertises through online. Improvement Banners adv is most popular for the marketers. But in the recently years, the prices of the banner advertising are drop and also not so attracted by the people. So, the designer must use the bright color for the advertising. It is because bright color can easy attract the readers attraction. Besides that, the slogan for the advertisement needs to be improved. The slogan must be short and clear that can let the readers understanding the contents of the advertising. Besides that, the best way to advertise the banner advertising is using animate. Comparing the static advertising and animated advertising, animated advertising can attract more the readers. All the animation effect can be more easily to express the meaning of advertising. On the other hand, if the banner advertising want increase viewer, the advertising picture must load quickly. It is because most all the viewers do not have so much patience, it is not suitable for the viewer waiting so long. So, we must let our advertising loading faster. Facebook Advertising Facebook is born on year 2004. It is created by three Harvard university students, the purpose they launched this website is to put students in touch with one another and share their photos and meet new friends. Firstly, the name of the website is known as thefacebook.com. After a year, the website becomes extremely popular on the Harvard campus and students in 800 colleges across the United States are joining the network. In August of that year, its membership grew to more than 5 million, and the sites name changed to Facebook. Facebook was originally launched for college students, but today anyone can join the network. Facebook purpose is giving people a way to share information in an easy and entertaining way. So facebook advertising is nowadays popular in every level of people. Advantage of facebook advertising is clearly proved in recent year. Now, let me explain about the advantage of facebook advertising. It can be classified and change from existing advertising to one by one type of signal transduction by knowing the facebook users interests, their areas of work, the brand they concern and the way they interacting with friends. As we know, nowadays many people took facebook as a part of their lives, so this is the where you can find your audience who interested to your product. There is a real case about the efficiency of facebook adverting. Facebook give ability to CM Photographic Company to target their consumer group, which are the women between 24-30 years old and their relationship status on Facebook indicated that they were engaged. Over the 12 month, the CM Photographic Company put in $600 advertising investment on facebook and they already generated nearly $40,000 profit. Recently, aready have 11,977 facebook users like CM Photographic company, they not only effective consumer, they have indicated a wish to obtain more information. This is the example of the facebook advertising. The advertisement always appears on the right side, and if you want to know the information clearly, you can click the title of the advertisement to get more information on its front page. Advantages of facebook advertising are numerous. It can easily reach your target consumers. You can link with 500 million customers that who are potential. Moreover, you can choose your audience by interest, age, location and gender. You can random use simple image or text-based adverts to view your product. Facebook advertising can deep strengthening the relationship between seller and buyer. It can promote your facebook front page and website, facebook user can use use the like button to increase your adverts influence. It also can found a community around your business. The most important thing when we want to create the adverts is budget. Facebook advertising provide a system that are low-cost and easily to control your budget. You can Set the daily budget you are adapt and regulate your daily budget at any time. Other than that, you can also select to pay only when people click (CPC) or see your advert (CPM). The disadvantages of facebook adveritising are the credibility is very small. The person who see the advertisement have to reflect on the advertisement whether it is true or not. This is because nowadays many cheater. Another disadvantages is the promotion that published on the facebook advertising, some of it are cheat. The seller just wants to attract the facebook user to look at the advertisement. Other than that, the field of people level are not balance. Normally, the facebook user are young or middle-aged people, but less of old aged people. So that, not everything can advert on facebook. Besides that, there are something cannot sell online. This is because you do not know whether there is suitable for u to use or not. There are some improvement can make for facebook advertising. The most important is get reliance form the user. Facebook can survey the information of the advertisement before published on facebook. Other than that, also can distributed an authenticate for the real information advert. Conclusion Normal advertising is a method of promoting product by using 100% offline and physical product such as newspapers, magazines, flyers and others. It is the form of advertisement that easily spread any message to the reader. By using online advertising, the reader internet just can only know the product and services. The online advertising and offline advertising both have their different usefulness. But, both advertisement must include the name of the product and services, it can easily let the reader can understand at a glance. Besides that, the advertisement also must include the benefits of the product and services that can easily persuade the reader from buying the product and services and can increase the sales and profit. Internet also become the main and efficient medium for advertising and it has be predicted that the online advertising and marketing is going to replace the normal advertising through the traditional media such as television, radio, newspaper and magazines. Comparison The online advertising is more efficiently compared with the normal advertising such as television. It is because the online advertising can immediately send the information to the reader. So, the reader can quickly up-to- date with all kind of information. On the other way, the old method of advertising such as newspaper would take at least 1 day to produce the advertisements. So, the reader cannot immediately know all the information. The normal advertisement such as television or newspaper that can be obtained by copyright, takes a lot of time. Unlike the online advertising, we do not need to waste the time to obtain the copyright. Thats why online advertising is faster and save the publishers time. Besides that, if we want to publish the advertising through the traditional advertising such as newspaper, it may charge a higher advertising fee. But for the online advertising, we directly post our advertising through the website. It can be free or just charge a little of the cost fees. Besides that, the online advertising also can post the product pictures that can let the reader convenient to choose the product. Thus, some of the websites provide 24 hours service a day, so the reader can choose the product or services at anytime. For the traditional method, only the readers who are willing and able to buy the newspapers able to view the advertisement. The online advertising is for the reader who can access the internet only can view the advertisement. So, it is considered as global advertising. But if the advertising were to be done through the newspaper, the advertisement can only be used in one country. There are few advantages of online advertising compared to the traditional online advertising that give the company ads more wider coverage and the global wider coverage that will help to make the advertisement more popular among people which could help to get better result though online advertising campaign. Online advertising is faster compared to the offline advertising in sending out the ads to the audience in advertising the campaign. However, there are also some disadvantages involved in online advetistment. Disadvantages of advertising online include measurement problems, audience characteristics, potential for deception, costs, limited production quality, poor reach and lack of Intrusiveness. For normal advertising, it can be said that it is more effective and powerful in promoting a particular product or service. The advantages that are derived through online advertising such as right from cost, availability, wider consumer markets, and the potential to increased profit margins, internet advertising has the upper hand. For the traditional print methods and distributions have the trends of the internet surpass at each level of the marketing process. Traditional print advertising is composed of common marketing collateral. Internet advertising is the conglomeration of electronics such as computer, or server, and the marketing collateral is on a professionally designed website, which also known as an electronic storefront. In evaluating costs in traditional print publication, heavy expenses are incurred through the design for each campaign or promotion, printing fees, and storage facilities to store the containers and bundles of material. Furthermore, there is the distribution cost that needs to be considered such as the costs of labour, transportation and the postage itself. Talking about the error rectification, the traditionally printed promotion may incur at the costs that be paid. In contrast, the advantages of Internet-based advertising, the error modification incur a little cost in repairing typographical errors and wrong promotion dates. Its much easier to fix an oversight instantly, and only takes a moment. To throw light on the availability of a business, traditional print promotions are time-centered. The hours of a business or service are limited to the hours, hence potential sales to consumers during the non working hours are limited. The promotion is also possible for only a set tenure, and when the session gets completed, the whole process is repeated with additional cost. In analyzing the advantages of internet versus traditional print methods, the consumer market potential is extremely limited in the traditional advertising with geographical restrictions in most media being available only to the local viewing area. The businesses are rarely in small-mid-size in approaching the sales on a national or global level. By comparison, the internet marketing is more advantages since it caters to the global market and has no physical or geographical limitations. In this day and age, the website is readily available to any consumer with a computer includes the majority of consumers throughout the world. There are no additional costs in reaching the expanded global markets since internet advertising extends to the global audience. The chances of potential customers are more and hence the profit margin is also on the higher side. In other words, the advantages of internet advertising is much more than the traditional print forerunner, in lessened costs, availability, expanded consumer markets, and largely in the overall profit margin .

Shiva Essay -- Character Analysis, Gokhale

Shiva represents the most essential goodness, yet is the destroyer of all. Shiva is male, and yet contains female. He is peaceful, yet with the literal blink of an eye he can destroy the universe. â€Å"He is the god of life and death, of destruction and rebirth† (Gokhale 8). How can all that is opposite be embraced within one single being? This is the mystery of Shiva. With his 1008 different names, this represents the mass of his unconceivable mysteries (Gokhale 3). As the god with the greatest following in the Hindu religion, Shiva is known for his divine family, his extraordinary powers, his appearance, and his millions of devotees. He is one of the most well known and most worshipped aspects of Eastern Philosophy, and has left a mark in the philosophical systems around the world today. Shiva the god first appeared in Eastern Philosophy in the year 2500 B.C.E., and was portrayed in a yoga-like position with three faces and two arms (Gokhale 9). The story is told by Gokhale that Parvati, Shiva’s wife, in her incarnation as Kali, embarked to achieve destruction (33). Shiva, attempting to halt her, turned himself into a corpse in order to block her path (33). Kali used the power of feminine energy, or Shakti, to revive Shiva (33). This revival transformed him from a shava, or lifeless corpse, into Shiva, the â€Å"master of the universe† (33). Once becoming Shiva, he soon began to form a family. Shiva’s family came to include his wife, Parvati, two sons, Kartik and Ganesha, and his sacred bull, Nandi (Gokhale 7). Sati was Shiva’s first wife, whom upon dying at a sacrificial ritual ceremony came to be reborn as Parvati (Gruenwald). Shiva and Parvati were once again immediately attracted to each other, and Parvati wanted to wed Shiva in... ...nd destruction is a preconceived notion around the world (Pandit). Shiva’s popularity and aspect is not only limited to the Eastern Hemisphere, but can be found in nations and cultures circling the globe today. Although Shiva is correctly labeled as the god of destruction, the title is often incorrectly perceived. While he does destroy, his destruction is used for the creation of new beginnings. Without Shiva, cycles would endlessly continue and evil forces would never be rid of from the Earth. These aspects of Shiva and the history he’s endured has earned him his position in the Hindu god triad. The many devotees to Shiva around the world have helped accumulate his popularity as one of the top recognizable gods in the world, along with his son Ganesha. Shiva is the mysterious key to unlocking and understanding one of the greatest aspects of Eastern Philosophy.

Different Uses of Virtual Reality :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Different Uses of Virtual Reality Virtual reality (VR) is the use of a computer to create an artificial environment that appears and feels like a real environment and allows users to explore a space and manipulate the environment. In its simplest form, a VR application displays what appears to be a three-dimensional view of a place or object, such as a landscape, building, molecule, or red blood cell, which users can explore. For example, architects can use VR software to show clients how a building will look after a construction or remodeling project. In more advanced forms, VR software requires that users wear specialized headgear, body suits, and gloves to enhance the experience of the artificial environment (Vance and Reed 34-58). The headgear displays the artificial environment in front of the users eyes.i[A] The body suit and the gloves sense motion and direction, allowing a user to move through, pick up, or hold items displayed in the virtual environment. Experts predict that sooner or later the body suits will provide tactile feedback so users can experience the touch and feel of the virtual world. Many gamers, such as flight simulators, use virtual reality. In these games, special visors allow users to see the computer-generated environment. As the user walks around the game’s electronic landscape, sensors in the surrounding game machine record movements and change the view of the landscape accordingly. Companies increasingly are using VR for more practical commercial applications, as well. Automobile dealers, for example, use virtual showrooms in which customers can view the exterior and interior of available vehicles. Airplane manufacturers use virtual prototypes to test new models and shorten product design time. Many firms use personal computer-based VR applications for employee training (Shelly Cashman Series ® Microsoft Word 2000 Project 2). As computing power and the use of the Web increases, practical applications of VR continue to emerge in education, business, and entertainment.ii[B]iii[C] Works Cited Holloway, April I. â€Å"The Future of Virtual Reality Applications.† Computers for Today, Tomorrow, and Beyond Sep. 2001: 46-52. Shelly Cashman Series ® Microsoft Word 2000 Project 2. Course Technology. 3 Sep. 2000. http://wwwscsite.com/wd2000/pr2/wc3.htm. Vance, Dale W., and Karen P.

American Square Dance

At one time, the square dance was omnipresent in rural America; but its golden age, if ever there was one, has passed. Today, it is noteworthy when a folklorist discovers a community with an unbroken tradition of square dancing, if only because it piques our interest as to why such practices endure in one place and not in another. Contemporary contexts for traditional square dance are, in fact, quite plentiful; but they persevere as isolated phenomena, largely hidden from the consciousness of the mainsream.The American square dance is the subject of a huge body of choreographic data, most of which was generated by dance educators and recreational specialists whose concerns lay apart from those of folklorists or ethnographers. Some of this descriptive material, especially some works published before World War II, are collections of regional repertoires and even, in a few cases, of localized traditions. Much of the dynamism of square dancing comes from turning motions, including rotati ons around a vertical axis and revolutions around the floor.In square dancing many rotations are energetic turns executed by two dancers together (not always opposite sex couples), but there are also more languid arcs circumscribed by enclosed circles of between three and eight dancers. In square dancing, women are often asked to make singular rotations or twirls, according to, on the one hand, traditional embellishments or, on the other hand, set variations taught by the local polka instructors. Most of the time, square dancers only step forward or stand in place.In a few instances, walking backward is called for, and a dancer will occasionally have to take a sideways step to the right or left. To accomplish this dizzying variety of spins and turns requires the manipulation of other parts of the body. The entire trunk is usually kept aligned with the line of gravity (and for all couple dances in general). It should also be noted that in the square dance walk, the dancer’s ce nter of gravity is moved slightly forward over the balls of the feet when compared to the ordinary walk.The kinesthetic sensation for the dancer is to feel as if his chest is leading the rest of his body. Arm movements in square dancing are important, but only in the context of reaching out to and grasping another dancer. The dancer reaches forward to join hands in one of three ways with another dancer, reaches to the side to hook elbows or put an arm around the waist of an adjacent dancer, or uses both hands or arms to grasp a dancer of the opposite sex in one of several stylized holds. These are known as the â€Å"swing† or â€Å"ballroom†, â€Å"courtesy turn† and â€Å"promenade† positions.Robert Bethke discusses square dancing in contemporary commercial or public settings in the Northeast, while offering very little movement data except to note the infrequency of square dances on the program in proportion to couple dances performed to popular or coun try music. What Bethke attends to is the dress and decorum of the dancers, their general age, the instrumental makeup of the band and the musical styles performed the participants’ levels of intoxication and the dancers’ incompetence relative to the past.Bethke goes into great detail on the repartee between the band leader and the audience, providing texts of some of the leader’s jokes. The inquiry on the history of square dance was first motivated in 1977 by the puzzle of why the German community around Hoagland took as its own an Anglo-American dance form. The cultural choices a folk group makes are historically conditioned. In the year previous to the first appearance of The English Dancing Master, the English and the Dutch had agreed on the borders of their North American colonies.Besides the Confederation of New England to the north and New Amsterdam in the Hudson Valley, the New World also had settlements of Swedes on the Delaware River and growing English colonies in Maryland and Virginia. In another thirty years, the first German immigrants would arrive, and, as the French consolidated their hold on the West, the first European settlement would be established at the headwaters of the Maumee River, near the Miami Indian village of Kekionga, the present site of Fort Wayne, Indiana.In the mid-eighteenth century, when the longways English country dance form was firmly established as the most popular form in European ballrooms, English emigration to the thirteen American colonies was in full sway. Along with the immigrants, and as a part of the continuing trade with the mother country, came terpsichorean skills, repertoire and paraphernalia. Not even the American Revolution disrupted these choreographic connections. Square dancing became a vital activity in nearly every rural nook and cranny through the first half of the twentieth century.In 1926, Henry Ford published â€Å"Good Morning†: After a Sleep of Twenty-five Years, Old-f ashioned is Being Revived, adding to a growing revival of interest in square dancing and other related forms of traditional American dance. In the twenties in New England, with an assist from the open air museum at Old Sturbridge, there was a growing awareness of that region’s vital and unique repertoire of country dances or contras (as cited by Tolman and Page).Indeed, Grace Ryan, a physical education instructor at Michigan’s Central State Teachers College, pioneered with an instructional manual on Dances of Our Pioneers, featuring the â€Å"quadrilles or square dances† which she collected at community dances and from local callers (Ryan). These efforts helped spark a square dance boom that was well underway in the late thirties when Lloyd Shaw, a Colorado high school principal, began to collect western figures that he taught to his students in place of the international folk dances promoted by other educators.Shaw’s performing square dancers from the Ch eyenne Mountain School garnered a great deal of renown for their exhibitions; and Shaw’s fame spread farther when he published these figures in 1939 in Cowboy Dances, an oft-reprinted volume. Besides the considerable impact wielded by his clear representation of seventy-plus figures, Shaw also sketched for Americans his view of the path traveled by this widespread variegated dance form: that the western square dance, one of three regional types, derived from an intermingling of the New England Quadrille and the running set from the southern highlands.Due to the prevalence of visiting couple figures in both the southeastern and western traditions, Shaw asserted that â€Å"the mainstream, I believe, heads in the Kentucky Mountains† (Shaw 27-31). This became the standard account of square dance history that would preface a multitude of instruction manuals published in the forties and fifties. Shaw was not alone, in those early days of the revival, in granting special stat us to the Southeastern square dance. J. Olcutt Sanders prepared a â€Å"Finding List of Southeastern Square Dance Figures† in 1942.He regarded the Southeastern square dance as a separate genre, referring to it variously as â€Å"the running set† and â€Å"the big set†, which could be characterized on the basis of internal evidence (Sanders 266). A decade later Elizabeth Burchenal extended this interpretation by crediting the supposed isolation of the southern highlands for the development of â€Å"our most indigenous dances,† including figures which â€Å"cannot be identified as transplantations† (Burchenal 20). By contrast, the Northeastern square dance, also called the New England quadrille, smacked of Gesunkenes Kulturgut.This was a cultural form that had trickled down to the folk from the cotillions and quadrilles of polite society in Europe and America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Then, as the twentieth century dawned, the Weste rn square dance emerged as a composite of movements and calls from both the Southeastern and Northeastern traditions blended with newly invented figures. Springing from America’s pervasive frontier experience, the Western idiom embodied the traits of practicality and inventiveness that historian Turner offered as keys to the American character (Turner 61).Thus the Western square dance was too new and too recreational to be regarded by folklorists as a survival of the archaic rituals hypothesized as the ultimate source of folk dance. The social symbolism school of interpretation takes in a much narrower scope, focusing on the local community rather than on national culture. David Winslow (1972) argued that the square dance is a set of â€Å"highly ritualized behavior patterns and mental processes† that help maintain social solidarity.Drawing heavily on sociologist Emile Durkheim, Winslow showed that the square dance served three social functions: (1) a cohesive function that imparts a group consciousness or sense of community, (2) a revitalizing function that â€Å"helps the group to renew the sentiment it has of itself and of its unity,† and (3) a euphoric function that provides â€Å"a pleasant feeling of social well-being† (Winslow 252-261). Not only the social interaction that takes place at a dance event, but also the square dance itself helps maintain and revitalize the interpersonal networks that constitute a rural community.For each category of the social structure represented at an event-couples, genders and the entire assembly, the â€Å"dancing behavior can be seen as expressive of the solidarity of that social unity. † The pervasive circle motif found at all structural levels of the square dance is a choreographic expression of the basic principles of equality of participation and social unity that are cultural ideals for this dancing. The basic square dance form found in New York, Pennsylvania and Hoagland, Indian a alike requires four couples for each square set. With each couple forming one side of the square.Each dance comprises two alternating parts: the break and a distinctive figure. In the break, a formulaic combination repeated from dance to dance, all eight dancers in the set participate simultaneously in equivalent and complementary roles: â€Å"circle left all eight,† â€Å"allemande left your corner,† â€Å"grand right and left around the ring,† and â€Å"meet your partner and promenade home. † The distinctive figure, unique to each discrete dance, is led by every couple in turn as they visit around the set and dance a series of formulaic moves with each of the other couples.At the end of each couple’s performance of the figure, and at the end of each repeat of the break, couples end up in their â€Å"home† or starting position. This structure, as it is danced in Pennsylvania, encapsulates well the comfortable fit between cultural form and social organization. Bert Feintuch discovered that the same basic form was used in domestic square dance events in south central Kentucky before the 1930s. According to his interpretative model, the stylized movements in the four-couple square dance affirmed both the pragmatic primacy of the couple in the dance and the symbolic primacy of the couple in the community.Thus he concluded that neighbors â€Å"symbolically acted out their norms of community† through dances â€Å"in which couples were the basic unit and their social networks – their neighborhoods – were represented as a bound unit, the square† (Feintuch 65). Square dancing, which emphasizes equality and reciprocity, is a local tradition actively treasured by many. The square dance has a long history as the symbolic action of choice (a sign) strategically called on to encompass (an interpretant) the emergent community (an object). Works Cited: Bethke, Robert D. â€Å"Old-Time Fiddling and Socia l Dance in Central St. Lawrence County.† New York Folklore Quarterly 30 (1974): 163-83. Burchenal, Elizabeth. â€Å"Folk Dances of the United States: Regional Types and Origins. † International Folk Music Journal 3 (1951): 18-21. Damon, Stephen Foster. The History of Square Dancing. Barre, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 1955. Feintuch, Burt. â€Å"Dancing to the Music: Domestic Square Dances and Community in Southcentral Kentucky (1880-1940). † Journal of the Folklore Institute 18 (1981): 49-68. Jackson, Frederick. â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History. † Frontier and Sectino: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner. Ed. Ray Allen Billington.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961. 37-62. Ryan, Grace L. Dances of Our Pioneers. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co. , 1926. Sanders, J. Olcutt. â€Å"Finding List of Southeastern Square Dance Figures. † Southern Folklore Quarterly 6 (1942): 263-75. Shaw, Lloyd. Cowboy Dances: A Coll ection of Western Square Dances. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1939. Tolman, Beth, and Ralph Page. The Country Dance Book: The Best of the Early Contras and Squares. Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Greene Press, 1976. Winslow, David John. â€Å"The Rural Square Dance in the Northeastern United States: A Continuity of Tradition. † University of Pennsylvania, 1972.

Response to Country Lovers Essay

The first thing that captured my interest about the story â€Å"Country Lovers†, by Nadine Gordimer was the first line. â€Å"Right from the opening sentence it is clear that this will be a story about inter–racial relationships. † ( Claxton, 2010). This sentence caught my attention because it gave me mixed emotions, first of hoping that this forbidden love would have a happy ending, and also a sense of foreboding that this would not be the case due to the inter-racial theme and the setting of the story. The analytical approach that I choose to evaluate this story would be a reader- response approach. â€Å"Reader-response criticism encompasses various approaches to literature that explore and seek to explain the diversity (and often divergence) of readers’ responses to literary works. † (Bedford, 1998). The reader- response approach is best described as connecting with a piece of work, and finding a personal or creative way to engage with the story. It will most likely come from a personal connection to a character or theme and the emotions that they elicit. In reader-response critical approach, the primary focus falls on the reader and the process of reading rather than on the author or the text. Theoretical Assumptions: Literature is a performative art and each reading is a performance, analogous to playing/singing a musical work, enacting a drama, etc. Literature exists only when it is read; meaning is an event (versus the New Critical concept of the â€Å"affective fallacy†). The literary text possesses no fixed and final meaning or value; there is no one â€Å"correct† meaning. Literary meaning and value are â€Å"transactional,† â€Å"dialogic,† created by the interaction of the reader and the text. According to Louise Rosenblatt, a poem is â€Å"what the reader lives through under the guidance of the text. † Varying Emphases: How readers interpret texts: Sometimes called â€Å"subjective. † May deal with published â€Å"readings† of texts and/or study nonprofessional readings (e. g. , students). These critics explain similarities in readings in varying ways: â€Å"styles† or â€Å"identity themes† of readers are similar (Norman Holland–psychoanalytic approach): cf. George Dillon’s classification of students’ responses to Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†: â€Å"Character-Action-Moral Style† (â€Å"connected knowers†)–treat literature as coextensive with experience â€Å"Diggers for Secrets†Ã¢â‚¬â€œfind hidden meanings in literature, psychoanalyze motives of characters, etc. â€Å"Anthropologists†Ã¢â‚¬â€œlook for cultural patterns, norms, values [e. g. feminists, New Historicists]. Readers belong to same â€Å"interpretive communities† (Stanley Fish) with shared reading strategies, values and interpretive assumptions (i. e. shared â€Å"discourse†); concept of the â€Å"informed reader. † readers are situated in a common cultural/historical setting and shaped by dominant discourses and ideologies (New Historicist emphasis). â€Å"Reception theory/aesthetics† studies the changing responses of the general reading public over time. How texts govern reader: Focus on how texts guide, constrain, control reading; often use linguistic, stylistic, narratological methods of analysis. Wolfgang Iser argues that the text in part controls the reader’s responses but contains â€Å"gaps† that the reader creatively fills. There is a tension between â€Å"the implied reader,† who is established by the â€Å"response-inviting structures† of the text; this type of reader is assumed and created by the work itself â€Å"the actual reader,† who brings his/her own experiences and preoccupations to the text. † (McManus, 1998). For this particular piece of work, I find the reader- response approach to be the most appropriate. I do not feel that there are many people that could not connect to this story on some level. The setting and the inter-racial love story excluded, there are still the aspects of first loves, and first sexual experiences that most people can identify with. Further into the story you have the aspects of horror at the thought of an innocent baby being murdered, much less at the hands of the babe’s own father. I personally felt outrage at the lack of justice for this lost soul and the knowledge that it is all too common a reality. It would seem that my sense of foreboding at the start of this story was well justified.